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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The UNEP Global Outlook on Methane Gas Hydrates seeks to provide policy makers, the general public and the media with a synthesis of aspects of natural, social and applied sciences that relate to this type of natural gas occurrence. With an emphasis on visual media, the Outlook is working to define global methane gas hydrate occurrences in their natural settings and examine th...

The kinetics of the initial stage of crystallization of one-component gas hydrates in aqueous solutions are analyzed. The temporal evolution of the volume of hydrate crystallized and the moles of gas consumed are determined. Expressions are derived for the supersaturation dependence of the hydrate crystallite growth rate and the induction time in hydrate crystallization. These expressions are u...

Formation of hydrates is observed during drilling and construction of wells, more frequently in gas wells located offshore (deep sea water). Hydrates of natural gas can clog chokes and kill lines, and obstruct the opening or closure of blow out preventer (BOP), seal well override valve and immobilize well string. Because of that, this work was mainly focused in the selection and adaptation of a...

We have identified three lesions rather than cyclobutane dimers which alter the properties of UV-irradiated poly(dC) as a template for E.coli DNA polymerase I, and have characterised these lesions with respect to their coding properties, rates of formation and decay, and their sensitivity to uracil DNA glycosylase. Our results lead us to conclude that these lesions are (1) cytosine hydrates, wh...

Clathrates are crystalline inclusion compounds formed by a physically stable reaction between host and guest molecules. Gas hydrate and hydroquinone (HQ) clathrate are one of the most studied and welldefined clathrate compounds. In this study, guest-free, CO2-loaded, CH4-loaded and CO2/CH4-loaded HQ clathrates were synthesized by gas-phase reaction and recrystallization. In addition, pure CO2 a...

Six- and eight-membered hydrogen-bonded water clusters of novel structure types have been found in crystalline hydrates.

In recent years, the feasibility of utilizing gas hydrates in industrial systems draws much attention as a subject of engineering studies. Despite the suggested applications for gas hydrate in transportation and storage of natural gas, desalination of water, etc., there have been few applied industrial experiences with gas hydrates. There are several patents and papers on promotion of gas hydra...

Gas hydrates are a vast energy resource with global distribution in the permafrost and in the oceans. Even if conservative estimates are considered and only a small fraction is recoverable, the sheer size of the resource is so large that it demands evaluation as a potential energy source. In this review paper, we discuss the distribution of natural gas hydrate accumulations, the status of the p...