Sub-Neptune exoplanets are commonly hypothesized to consist of a silicate-rich magma ocean topped by hydrogen-rich atmosphere. Previous work studying the outgassing silicate material has demonstrated that such atmosphere-interior interactions can affect atmosphere's overall structure and extent. But these models only considered SiO in an atmosphere hydrogen gas, without considering chemical rea...

BACKGROUND Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are key molecules that mediate neuropathic pain. Although hydrogen is an established antioxidant, its effect on chronic pain has not been characterized. This study was to investigate the efficacy and mechanisms of hydrogen-rich normal saline induced analgesia. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In a rat model of neuropathic pain induced by L5 spinal...

We report the detection of crystalline water ice on the surface of 2003 EL61. Reflectance spectra were collected from Gemini North telescope from 1.0 to 2.4 μm wavelength range, and from the Keck telescope across the 1.4 to 2.4 μm wavelength range. The signature of crystalline water ice is obvious in all data collected. Like the surfaces of many outer solar system bodies, the surface of 2003 EL...

We report the detection of crystalline water ice on the surface of 2003 EL61. Reflectance spectra were collected from the Gemini North telescope in the 1.0 to 2.4 mwavelength range and from the Keck telescope across the 1.4Y 2.4 mwavelength range. The signature of crystalline water ice is obvious in all data collected. Like the surfaces of many outer solar system bodies, the surface of 2003 EL6...

Abstract Massive steam and CO 2 atmospheres have been proposed for magma ocean outgassing of Earth terrestrial planets. Yet formation such depends on volatile exchange with the molten interior, governed by solubilities redox reactions. We determine evolution ocean–atmosphere systems a range oxygen fugacities, C/H ratios, hydrogen budgets that include reactions (H –H O), carbon (CO–CO ), methane...

The initial isotopic composition of water in the Solar System is paramount importance to understanding origin on planetary bodies but remains unknown, despite numerous studies1–5. Here we use hydrogen calcium–aluminium-rich inclusions (CAIs) from primitive meteorites, oldest rocks, establish at onset formation. We report nominally anhydrous minerals CAI fragments trapped a once-melted host CAI....

Practical application of hydrogen production from water splitting relies strongly on the development of low-cost and high-performance electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The previous researches mainly focused on transition metal nitrides as HER catalysts due to their electrical conductivity and corrosion stability under acidic electrolyte, while tungsten nitrides have report...