Carbonated bupivacaine, plain bupivacaine hydrochloride, and bupivacaine hydrochloride with adrenaline were used to provide epidural analgesia for patients undergoing vaginal hysterectomy. Following injection to the blood concentrations of bupivacaine were measured at intervals over a period of 30 minutes. All three preparations produced satisfactory analgesia at a bupivacaine dose of 1.5 mg/kg...

The maternal plasma concentration of bupivacaine has been determined in 19 patients receiving a continuous epidural block during labour, using bupivacaine 0.125% with adrenaline 1:400,000. The plasma concentration of bupivacaine rarely exceeded 0.18 /*g/ml. Bupivacaine does not accumulate in the maternal blood when such low concentrations are used. The plasma concentration of bupivacaine has al...

CONTEXT The link between long-haul air travel and venous thromboembolism is the subject of continuing debate. It remains unclear whether the reduced cabin pressure and oxygen tension in the airplane cabin create an increased risk compared with seated immobility at ground level. OBJECTIVE To determine whether hypobaric hypoxia, which may be encountered during air travel, activates hemostasis. ...

BACKGROUND Although spinal bupivacaine may have too long duration to be useful in the ambulatory setting, recent animal data suggest that lidocaine added to spinal bupivacaine may reduce the duration of bupivacaine spinal anesthesia. We explored whether lidocaine added to spinal bupivacaine could shorten the duration of bupivacaine spinal anesthesia in humans similarly to what has been reported...

BACKGROUND The median effective dose (ED50) of a drug gives the amount or dose of drug needed to produce effective therapeutic response or desired effect in at least 50% of the population taking it. Our study focused on determining the ED50 required for effective motor block using hyperbaric and plain bupivacaine, and evaluated the influence of baricity on the ED50 required for motor block. MAT...

Background: Hypoxia hypobaric increase the production of free radicals, especially reactive oxygen species (ROS). The increase in ROS would cause oxidative stress when not accompanied by an increase in antioxidant enzymes. This condition may minimize by intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (IHH). This study aimed to identify the number of IHH which may minimize the effect of hypoxia hypobaric on oxid...

The relative potency of lignocaine, bupivacaine and etidocaine was estimated by forearm skin weals in four volunteers. Potency was estimated as the time to half-recovery of a sharp sensation in response to a needle-prick. The increase in duration of action with increased concentration was greater for bupivacaine and etidocaine as compared with lignocaine. At the same concentrations, bupivacaine...

BACKGROUND The goal of this in vitro study was to investigate the effect of lipid emulsion on vasodilation caused by toxic doses of bupivacaine and mepivacaine during contraction induced by a protein kinase C (PKC) activator, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu), in an isolated endothelium-denuded rat aorta. METHODS The effects of lipid emulsion on the dose-response curves induced by bupivacaine o...

BACKGROUND The current study examined the role(s) of autophagy in myotoxicity induced by bupivacaine in mouse myoblast C2c12 cells. METHODS C2c12 cells were treated with bupivacaine. Myotoxicity was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay (n = 3 to 30), live/dead assay (n = 3 to 4), and morphological alterations (n = 3). Autophagosome formation was refl...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate and compare the characteristics of spinal block, its postoperative analgesic effects and side effects using intrathecal bupivacaine and its combination with fentanyl or buprenorphine in elderly patients undergoing urological surgery. METHODS Sixty patients aged sixty and above scheduled for elective transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) randomly received hyperbaric ...