the endocarp of celtis australis l. with hyrcanian forests of northern iran and arid mountains of northern africa ecotypes were studied considering macro and micro morphologic characteristics, using binocular and scanning electron microscope. the aim of this research was to evaluate the endocarp diversity in different ecological conditions. the results showed that celtis australis l. is bigger,...

we studied 11 gaps covered with beech saplings (< 1.30 m tall) in a reserve compartment (compartment 139, district one, langa forest, watershed 36: kazemrood) of the caspian beech forest in n iran. two transects, each 2 m wide, were laid along the longest (n-s) and shortest (e-w) axis of each gap. five micro sample plots, each 4 m2, were established: one at the center, and one at each corner. q...

One of the most important issues indicating quality and quantity forest ecosystems is distribution natural disturbances resulting in canopy gaps (CGs). The present study was conducted one Hyrcanian beech forests northern Iran summer 2018. gap areas were classified into small (< 200 m2), medium (200‒500 m2) large (500–1 000 on basis full inventory. univariate Ripley’s L-function used for introdu...