[1] At the temperatures and stresses associated with the onset of convection in an ice I shell of the Galilean satellites, ice behaves as a non-Newtonian fluid with a viscosity that depends on both temperature and strain rate. The convective stability of a non-Newtonian ice shell can be judged by comparing the Rayleigh number of the shell to a critical value. Previous studies suggest that the c...

BACKGROUND Determination of the plasma concentrations of arginine and other amino acids is important for understanding pathophysiology, immunopathology and nutritional supplementation in human disease. Delays in processing of blood samples cause a change in amino acid concentrations, but this has not been precisely quantified. We aimed to describe the concentration time profile of twenty-two am...

Ice Ih, ordinary ice at atmospheric pressure, is a proton-disordered crystal that when cooled under special conditions is believed to transform to ferroelectric proton-ordered ice XI, but this transformation is still subject to controversy. Ice VII, also proton disordered throughout its region of stability, transforms to proton-ordered ice VIII upon cooling. In contrast to the ice Ih/XI transit...

The AIDA (Aerosol Interactions and Dynamics in the Atmosphere) aerosol and cloud chamber of Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe can be used to test the ice forming ability of aerosols. The AIDA chamber is extensively instrumented including pressure, temperature and humidity sensors, and optical particle counters. Expansion cooling using mechanical pumps leads to ice supersaturation conditions and possi...

Successful pancreas preservation during storage in oxygenated perfluorodecalin (PFD) is mainly related to oxidative ATP generation during storage. Increasing the storage temperature would accelerate this process essential for resuscitation of ischemically damaged pancreatic tissue. The present study aimed at comparing islet isolation outcome from adult pig pancreata preserved in oxygenated PFD ...

The pyrochlore material Ho2Ti2O7 has been suggested to show "spin ice" behavior. We present neutron scattering and specific heat results that establish unambiguously that Ho2Ti2O7 exhibits spin ice correlations at low temperature. Diffuse magnetic neutron scattering is quite well described by a nearest neighbor spin ice model and very accurately described by a dipolar spin ice model. The heat c...

The in-flight ice formation and accretion are highly dependent on weather conditions that essentially affect the heat transfer capability. When the temperature is sufficiently cold, the heat transfer is adequate to remove all of the latent heat from the collected water. The rate of rime ice accretion is controlled by the droplet collection efficiency. Otherwise, when the heat transfer is inadeq...

As an inhomogeneous mixture of pure ice, brine, air and solid salts the physical properties of sea ice depend on its highly temperature-dependent microstructure. Understanding the microstructure and the way it responds to variations in temperature and salinity is crucial in developing an improved understanding of the interaction between sea ice and the environment. However, measurements monitor...

Diamond is a promising material for wear-resistant medical coatings. Here we report a remarkable increase in the melting point of ice resting on a diamond (111) surface modified with a submonolayer of Na+. Our molecular dynamics simulations show that the interfacial ice bilayer melts at a temperature 130 K higher than in free ice, and relatively thick ice films (2.6 nm at 298 K and 2.2 nm at 31...

Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) measurements on rapid freezing samples of disaccharide (trehalose, sucrose, and maltose) solutions indicated that the crystalline phases in the sample were both hexagonal and cubic ice. The cubic ice existed at a higher ratio in the higher disaccharide concentration samples. The temperature ramping experiments revealed that the cubic ice was stable below 233 K, w...