Monte Carlo algorithms Definition 1. • A Monte Carlo algorithm is an algorithm whose output is incorrect with probability at most p. • A one sided error means that an algorithm’s input is incorrect only on true outputs, or false outputs but not both. • A false negative Monte Carlo algorithm is always correct when it returns false. Suppose we have an algorithm A for a decision problem which: • I...

This section follows 5.5.3 in Mitzenmacher/Upfal. Bloom Filters are a compact data structure for approximate membership queries. The data structure uses only linear space. It makes mistakes in the sense that non-members may be declared members with small probability. Let S = {e1, . . . , em} be the elements to be stored; S is a subset of some universe U . We use a boolean array T of length n. W...

OBJECTIVE A confidential inquiry by the Directorate General of health affairs, Makkah region, Saudi Arabia, found physicians were resistant to enter patient-related information in the electronic medical records system at different hospitals. This study aims to highlight their computer literacy needs. METHODS This cross-sectional survey was conducted on physicians using a structured questionna...

Bayesian model selection (BMS) is a statistically rigorous approach to assess the plausibility of competing models. It naturally accounts for uncertainties in models and data. In this study, we discuss role measurement noise BMS deeper than past literature. We distinguish between four cases, accounting and/or data: (1) no-no, (2) no-yes, (3) yes-no, (4) yes-yes. These cases differ mathematicall...

Abstract In response to negative yes–no questions (e.g., Doesn’t she like cats? ), typical English answers ( Yes, does / No, doesn’t ) peculiarly vary from those in Mandarin ). What are the processing consequences of these markedly different conventionalized linguistic responses achieve same communicative goals? And if and speakers process differently, what extent change Mandarin–English sequen...

We show that it is decidable whether the language generated by a given context-free grammar over tree alphabet language. Furthermore, if answer to this question “yes”, then we can even effectively construct regular which generates

According to the query logs in search engines, yes/no questions are issued frequently. One example yes/no question is “is Obama the 42nd president of the United States”, and the expected answer is “No”. However, the most advanced search engines only return a list of ranked documents containing the keywords within the query. Then users have to go through those returned documents in order to figu...

Suppose we are given two graphs on n vertices. We define an observable in the Hilbert space C[(Sn ≀ S2)m] which returns the answer “yes” with certainty if the graphs are isomorphic and “no” with probability at least 1 − n! 2 if the graphs are not isomorphic. We do not know if this observable is efficiently implementable.