Subduction-related magmatic arcs represent immense accumulations of intermediate, calc-alkaline igneous rocks and are considered the main factories of continental crust on Earth. Estimating the pace at which these giant volumes of magmatic rock were added to the crust and the mechanisms responsible for magmatic addition are fundamental issues for the disciplines of igneous petrology and contine...

The nucleation and growth of crystals in igneous rocks is usually thought to occur under thermodynamic equilibrium conditions. However, recent studies on textures mineral compositions have shown that these processes probably disequilibrium Titanomagnetite with variable crystal sizes can be observed Hannuoba alkaline basalt, indicating crystallization (different cooling rates). ratio the maximum...

The most volcanically active regions of our planet are concentrated along the axes of the globe, encircling midocean ridges. These undersea mountain ranges, and most of the oceanic crust, result from the complex interplay between magmatic (i.e., eruptions of lavas on the surface and intrusion of magma at depth) and tectonic (i.e., faulting, thrusting, and rifting of the solid portions of the ou...

High-silica topaz-bearing rhyolites of Cenozoic emplaced as domes, lava flows or shallow intrusions. They age are widely distributed across the western USA and may also contain Fe-Mn garnet, beryl, bixbyite, pseudoMexico. They are characteristically enriched in fluorine brookite, hematite and fluorite in miarolitic cavities or with(>0.2 wt.%) and incompatible lithophile elements (e.g. Li, in th...

Oxygen isotope ratios of merrillite and chlorapatite in the Martian meteorites ALH84001 and Los Angeles have been measured by ion microprobe in multicollector mode. O values of phosphate minerals measured in situ range from 3 to 6‰, and are similar to Martian meteorite whole-rock values, as well as the O of igneous phosphate on Earth. These results suggest that the primary, abiotic, igneous pho...

1 School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Geological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand, 3 Imaging and Medical Beamline, Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, VIC, Australia, 4 Section for Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany

Introduction In the following chapters we will find that nearly all of the varied aspects of volcanism are either directly or indirectly controlled by the chemical composition of magma and the rate at which it cools and solidifies. If you are to understand and appreciate subsequent discussions of volcanoes and related volcanic phenomena, it is essential that you have a good grasp of the basic c...