Apoptosis has been implicated in lupus pathogenesis in at least three different ways. As antigen, apoptotic material drives autoimmune responses. As immune modulator, impaired apoptosis makes patients susceptible to developing autoimmunity. As effector mechanism, apoptosis participates in target organ injury. This review summarizes the evidence that links apoptosis to these components of lupus ...

in this paper, a new high dynamic range digitally-controlled oscillator (dco) for all-dpll systems is proposed. the proposed dco is based on using a δς modulator as a digital-to-analog converter. using δς dac can provide a very high resolution (18-bit) control on the dco. the δς dac output is a 2-level pulse signal that needs to be filtered for cancelling the out of band shaped noise. the used ...

The interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) is the founding member of the interleukin 1 receptor family which activates innate immune response by its binding to cytokines. Reports showed dysregulation of cytokine production leads to aberrant immune cells activation which contributes to auto-inflammatory disorders and diseases. Current therapeutic strategies focus on utilizing antibodies or chimeric cyto...

calcineurin (can) is a ca2+/calmodulin (ca2+/cam)-dependent serine/threonine protein phosphatase expressed in most mammalian tissues but found at higher concentration in brain. in the last decade there have been a steadily increasing number of studies identifying neuronal can as a primary suspect in neuronal vulnerability, synapse loss, dendritic atrophy, synaptic dysfunction and neuroinflammat...

background: normal pregnancy is thought to be dependent on th2 deviation, while recurrent pregnancy loss (rpl) and pre-eclampsia (pe) appear to be biased toward the th1 immune response. it is believed that the soluble form of cd30 (scd30) is an index of th2 immune response or modulator of th1/th2 responses. objective: the aim of this study was determination of the scd30 level in rpl and pe pati...

aids (acquired immune deficiency syndrome), a result of human hiv (human immunodeficinency virus) infection, is one of the most troublesome world's health problems. extensive researches to find effective drugs for its treatment are running fast in huge capacities. imod (immuno-modulator drug) is the name of an herbal drug that has modulatory effects of immune system. as a goal of this research,...

Calcium-activated nonselective cationic currents have been known for 30 years, but their physiological implications have remained unresolved until the recent cloning of the TRPM4 ion channel. Since then, TRPM4 has been identified as a key modulator of numerous calcium-dependent mechanisms such as the immune response, insulin secretion, cerebral artery constriction, respiratory rhythm, and cardi...

Vitamin D plays key roles as a natural immune modulator and has been implicated in the pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This review presents a summary and analysis of the recent literature regarding immunoregulatory effects of vitamin D as well as its importance in SLE development, clinical severity, and possible effects of supplementation in...

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a cancer with a high mortality rate due to the fact that the diagnosis usually occurs at anadvanced stage. Even in case of curative surgical treatment, recurrence is common. Sorafenib and regorafenib are the only therapeutic agents that have been demonstrated to be effective in advanced HCC, thus novel curative approaches are urgently needed. Recent studies foc...