BACKGROUND Adalimumab is approved for use in patients with moderate to severe Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) who have not achieved disease control with conventional therapies including corticosteroids and/or immunomodulators (IMM). AIM To analyse six studies that examined efficacy, pharmacokinetics and safety of combination IMM/adalimumab therapy, compared with adalimumab mon...

Background & Aim: Incremental increase in the risk of serious infections with combinations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) inhibitors and immunomodulators compared to monotherapy with these agents in in ammatory bowel disease (IBD) is unclear. Our aim was to analyze whether there is such an incremental increase in the odds of serious infections. Methods: e FDA Adverse Event Reporting Sys...

Objective(s):Recent evidence have proposed that Tretinoin produced in the gut preferentially promote differentiation of FoxP3+Treg cells but inhibits Th17 lymphocytes, and this may be the main immunomdulatory mechanism of Tretinoin  in vivo. This study was done to investigate the effects of Tretinoin in outbred white mice after challenge with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Materials and Methods:...