AIM To collect data on the use of placebo interventions by GPs in Germany. METHODS A questionnaire was mailed to 400 randomly selected GPs in Bavaria. Non-responders were reminded by telephone after 4 weeks and were given a second copy of the questionnaire after a further 3 weeks. RESULTS In all, 208 completed questionnaires were returned. The majority of GPs (88%) have used a placebo at le...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The orbital floor may fracture alone, and the fracture is then defined as "pure"; when there is a rim involvement, the fracture may be defined as "impure". Controversy exists as to the pathophysiology of orbital floor fractures and the incidence of orbital rim involvement. The purpose of this retrospective review was to determine the incidence of purity in orbital floo...

OBJECTIVE To elucidate the radionuclides and radiochemical impurities included in radiosynthesis processes of positron emission tomography (PET) tracers. METHODS Target materials and PET tracers were produced using a cyclotron/synthesis system from Sumitomo Heavy Industry. Positron and γ-ray emitting radionuclides were quantified by measuring radioactivity decay and using the high-purity Ge d...

Interaction net systems are a model of computation based on graph rewriting. They enjoy various nice properties which make them a promising basis for a functional programming language. However, mechanisms to model impure functions are indispensable for a practical language. A natural approach to achieve this goal is the systematic use of monads. Yet, specifying the appropriate monads for impure...

muslims nowadays need to be present on the international stage. this involves living together with non-muslims, especially the people of the book. this sort of life and interaction has different political, cultural, economic, and military aspects. the belief that non-muslims are impure (najes) causes hardship to the muslims; and is incompatible with human dignity, which is acknowledged by the q...