Incident photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) is required by almost all terrestrial ecosystem models and many other applications. The current PAR products that are developed for climate studies have much coarser spatial resolution and higher temporal resolution and are not suitable for land applications. This article reviews stateof-the-art methods for mapping land spatial-resolution incid...

The detonation of a nuclear device in a US city would be catastrophic. Enormous loss of life and injuries would characterize an incident with profound human, political, social, and economic implications. Nevertheless, most responders have not received sufficient training about ionizing radiation, principles of radiation safety, or managing, diagnosing, and treating radiation-related injuries an...

PURPOSE To describe the history, composition, and activities of the Radiation Injury Treatment Network (RITN). The Radiation Injury Treatment Network® is a cooperative effort of the National Marrow Donor Program and the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. The goals of RITN are to educate hematologists, oncologists, and stem cell transplant practitioners about their potential ...

We demonstrate how micromachined photonic crystals can be used to negatively refract terahertz frequency light. The photonic crystals, which are constructed from conventional dielectric materials, manipulate the incident beam via interaction with their photonic bands. Consequently, we show that different components of a broadband beam incident on the structure may be positively or negatively re...

It has recently been shown that the structured surface of a perfect conductor can support surface-plasmon-like modes [Pendry, Science 305, 847 (2004)10.1126/science.1098999]. Such structures have a thickness of at least the order of the wavelength. Here, using microwave wavelength radiation incident beyond the critical angle of a wax prism, we quantify the surface-plasmon-like dispersion for a ...

An evaporative cooling system is employed via microwave radiation, incident on 87Rb contained in a magnetic quadrupole trap, to drive transitions in the atomic vapor between trapped and untrapped states. In addition, the degree of sample losses due to these transitions is studied with consideration given to the amplitude and frequency of incident electromagnetic fields. To understand the underl...

PURPOSE To ensure the quality assurance of small field, dynamic radiotherapy, we present and validate a radiation tracking system based on long scintillating fibers that allows for the real-time measurement of the position and energetic fluence of a small incident radiation field. METHOD We aligned 60 parallel scintillating fibers on a thin grooved acrylic slab with a 100-cm source-to-fibers ...

The ability to simulate the surface energy balance and microclimate within a plant canopy is contingent upon accurate simulation of radiation exchange within the canopy. Accurate radiation simulations require some assumption of leaf angle distribution to compute transmissivity, reflection and scattering of radiation. The ellipsoidal leaf angle density function can very closely approximate real ...

In 1916, Einstein postulated the existence of induced emission (einstrahlung), where a quantum of radiation from a light beam induced a molecule in an excited state to emit a quantum of radiation of the same frequency. The stimulating photon was unchanged by the ghostly interaction and the net effect of induced emission, which is now commonly known as stimulated emission, was indistinguishable ...

Cathodoluminescence (CL) is light emitting phenomena induced by high energy electrons incident on materials. The CL is sometimes defined as light emission caused by the inner electronic transition between the electronic states or bands associated with excitation by the incident electron beam. The typical one is the radiative recombination of carriers in semiconductors, such as the band to band ...