The large number of near-poor relative to poor elderly persons in the United States may be recharacterized as a high-prevalence, low-intensity type of poverty. The present study investigates how this characterization is affected by accounting for assets and non-cash transfers in addition to cash income in resources available for current-year consumption. The Foster, Greer, Thorbecke (FGT) pover...

The Medicare program transfers nearly $300 billion annually from taxpayers to beneficiaries. This paper considers the incidence of such transfers in the context of a life cycle model with uncertainty about future health care expenditures. We find the distributional consequences of the Medicare program are roughly neutral in dollar terms; households living in high income neighborhoods paymore in...

The paper examines Puerto Rican trends in income distribution during the 1970s and 1980s, then attempts to ascertain the source of the changes in income inequality through a decomposition of the Gini coefficient by factor income source. The study finds that poverty and inequality declined unambiguously during the twenty-year period. The source of the fall in income concentration was found to ha...

Abstract Social spending in Croatia is mainly based on social protection, public healthcare and education policies. There are two forms of investing children through the provided by central local governments: cash in-kind transfers. This paper describes impacts such households with its capital, Zagreb. Making use a microsimulation model, income distribution transfers their poverty inequality as...

Income inequality in Mexico is extremely high and the federal states are considerably heterogeneous, which why a regional analysis allows us to identify fundamental characteristics, trends, conditions for implementation of redistributive policies. We used microdata from National Household Expenditure Survey (ENIGH) analyze evolution income state Veracruz during 2008-2020 period; To its sources ...

In this paper, we examine three related issues. First, we examine the influence of parental wealth on whether children attend college and whether parents help to finance it. Second, we examine what effect these decisions have on the subsequent levels of indebtedness of parents and their children. Third, we examine how the role of parents in the financing of their children’s college education an...

Is there a Pareto improving rationale for a welfare state in dynamic economies with unobservable agent heterogeneity, when missing credit and insurance markets affect incentives to invest in human capital? If so, should the state provide transfers to the poor in the form of cash or in-kind transfers? In an occupational choice model, we show (a) every competitive equilibrium is interim-Pareto do...

The total fertility rate in South Korea has consistently declined from its 2.1 replacement level in 1983 to its current level of 1.23 in 2012. From 2005 to 2010, the government implemented its first pronatalist set of policies to encourage people to have more children. Currently, fertility grants are provided at a provincial level, widely varying in their amounts and qualifications. These prona...

The present paper seeks to explain the pattern of income redistribution in a globalised world of increased market income inequality and lower costs of factor mobility. In some countries, larger market income inequality has been met by an increased redistributive effort, thus keeping the distribution of disposable incomes relatively stable. In other countries, larger market inequality has been a...