Clinical studies model the average treatment effect (ATE), but apply this population-level effect to future individuals. Due to recent developments of machine learning algorithms with useful statistical guarantees, we argue instead for modeling the individualized treatment effect (ITE), which has better applicability to new patients. We compare ATE-estimation using randomized and observational ...

World Health Organization estimates of health care expenditure reveal a global trend of increasing costs, and health care systems need to become more efficient at treating patients to slow this trend. Incentives are in place to develop information-based health care systems, and I claim that using machine learning tools in medicine will lead to improvements in patient care. My work demonstrates ...

Consider a longitudinal observational or controlled study in which one collects chronological data over time on a random sample of subjects. The time-dependent process one observes on each subject contains time-dependent covariates, time-dependent treatment actions, and an outcome process or single final outcome of interest. A statically optimal individualized treatment rule (as introduced in v...

We observe that informal learning in the workplace is the norm for employees. Therefore all workers are simultaneously learners, and the workplace is a learning environment, albeit an impoverished one. We have added two tools to the corporate intranet to provide individualized learning experiences for every employee. Both tools provide feedback related to the information employees post on the i...

Although many of the existing adaptive learning environments use other approaches, the vector-space model for information retrieval can be used in providing individualized learning with hypermedia. A system employing a modified version of the vector-space model is described. The approach taken is tested in a real-life setting to evaluate and train basic arithmetics skills of learners in element...

The article encompasses the theoretical background and practical concept of teaching/learning through online courses as an example of smart solution of e-learning system adjusting to individual learning preferences, including students’ reflection on the individualized online instruction. First, the ‘Unlocking the Will to Learn’ concept by C.A. Johnston is introduced and implemented in the resea...

The notion of competence and learner model is the kernel of the Competency-Based Approach (CBA). However, as of today there is not a commonly learner model or ontology for competencies, we have presented in this paper our ontology-based representation in order to define the CBA. This representation provides a baseline for an e-learning adaptive system in which we plan to implement individual le...

Individualized treatment rules recommend treatments based on individual patient characteristics in order to maximize clinical benefit. When the clinical outcome of interest is survival time, estimation is often complicated by censoring. We develop nonparametric methods for estimating an optimal individualized treatment rule in the presence of censored data. To adjust for censoring, we propose a...

Peer review is an efficient tool for staff educators to use in promoting professional staff and student development. The information gathered from peer review can be used by staff educators to develop individualized performance improvement plans to support staff development and increase student learning. Peer review provides a form of feedback that can be used to identify staff clinical learnin...

User interface design is a central issue for the usability of a software product. In this chapter, general requirements referring to the international software ergonomics standardization and specific design features for the user interface of learning systems are presented. Orientation and feedback for the learner are the most relevant issues of interface design of learning systems. Information ...