Cytokines have been important mediators of the immunity and can be involved in numerous processes in the male genital tract including acting as immunomodulatory elements within the male gonad. The aims of this study were: 1) to detect pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels in the control group and subgroups of infertile men; and 2) to set up the practical recommendations concerning determin...

BACKGROUND Previous research has suggested an interaction between distress and male fertility. The present longitudinal study sought to deliver evidence for a negative impact of distress due to infertility on sperm concentration. METHODS The sample consisted of 120 patients who twice visited an andrological clinic on their own initiative for fertility work-ups. Baseline and follow-up examinat...

BACKGROUND Nitric oxide (NO) is a molecule that incorporates in many physiological processes of female reproductive system. Recent studies suggested the possible role of endothelial isoform of nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) enzyme in female infertility. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to evaluate the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in endometrial tissue of women with unexplai...

BACKGROUND To assess the effectiveness of flushing with the oil-soluble contrast medium lipiodol in women with unexplained infertility. METHODS An open randomized controlled trial design in a single centre secondary and tertiary level infertility service setting. A total of 158 women with unexplained infertility were stratified into two populations: 96 women without confirmed endometriosis an...

BACKGROUND In India, the impact of current Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) in reproductive health remains a neglected area of investigation. The present study evaluates if current Chlamydia infection is associated with any clinical complication that needs the attention of clinical investigators. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, we enrolled 896 women attending the Gynecology Out P...

women, cohorts born 1891-1945. Soc Biol 1974;21: 178-84. 16 McFalls JA, McFalls WH. Diseases and fertility. New York: Academic Press, 1984. 17 Belsey MA. The epidemiology of infertility: a review with particular reference to sub-Saharan Africa. Bull WHO 1976;54:319-41. 18 Sherris JD, Fox G. Infertility and sexually transmitted disease: a public health challenge. Popul Rep 1983;XI: 1 13-51. 19 D...

Male infertility accounts for almost half of infertility cases worldwide. A subset of infertile men exhibit reduced testosterone and enhanced levels of estradiol (E2), though it is unclear how increased E2 promotes deterioration of male fertility. Here, we utilized a transgenic mouse strain that overexpresses human CYP19, which encodes aromatase (AROM+ mice), and mice with knockout of Esr1, enc...

OBJECTIVE To determine the association between infertility drug use and invasive breast cancer in a population-based case-control study. DESIGN Multicenter case-control study. SETTING Women aged 35 to 64 years in metropolitan Atlanta, Detroit, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, and Seattle. PATIENT(S) The 4,575 case patients had histologically confirmed primary invasive breast cancer. The 4,682 c...

BACKGROUND Anovulatory infertility due to polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) remains the commonest cause among women of reproductive age group. Although clomiphene citrate (CC) remains the first choice treatment in addition to other medical therapies, laparoscopic ovarian drilling (LOD) is rapidly gaining acceptance as a second line management in patients who failed to respond to CC. This study...

OBJECTIVE Proprotein convertase 6 (PC6) is known to be the key enzyme involved in the transformation of many hormones, cytokines and their receptors into their active forms. Experimental in vitro studies have also proven that lack of PC6 in the endometrium prevents decidualisation. Therefore in our study we have aimed at determining whether infertility in some patients might be attributable to ...