We have recently demonstrated that increased blood-CNS barrier permeability and CNS inflammation in a conventional mouse model of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis are dependent upon the production of peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)), a product of the free radicals NO* and superoxide (O2*(-)). To determine whether this is a reflection of the physiological contribution of ONOO(-) to an immune respo...

The understanding of microglia function in central nervous system (CNS) immune system has changed the neuroscientists’ view on CNS response to activating stimuli. Once microglia were considered a supporting cell, in the last 2 decades however they have been recognized as the prime component of CNS immune system due to their ability to actively response to both acute and chronic/persistent stimu...

Myelin abnormalities that reflect damage to developing and mature brains are often found in neurological diseases with evidence of inflammatory infiltration and microglial activation. Many cytokines are virtually undetectable in the uninflamed central nervous system (CNS), so that their rapid induction and sustained elevation in immune and glial cells contributes to dysregulation of the inflamm...

Multiple sclerosis, an inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the CNS currently lacks an effective therapy. We show here that CNS inflammation and clinical disease in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an experimental model of multiple sclerosis, could be prevented completely by a replication-defective adenovirus vector expressing the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (replication-defici...

Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), is a chronic inflammatory diseases and degenerative myelin in the CNS. With respect to being the main cause of this disease is unknown; the most common treatments for the disease (MS) with the aim of suppressing harmful inflammatory responses are used. Neuro transmitters having immunosup...

The differential diagnosis of CNS white matter disease is broad, and can be divided into vascular, metabolic, infective, or inflammatory aetiologies. Isolated inflammatory disorders of the CNS are often associated with demyelination, and the two terms (inflammatory and demyelinating) are often used in conjunction. When the disease is monophasic, the term acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (AD...

Neuropathology in multiple sclerosis is closely linked to presence of macrophages in the CNS. Both M1 (inflammatory) and M2 (alternatively activated, noninflammatory) macrophages are found in the inflamed CNS and thought to differentiate from infiltrating monocytes. It is unclear whether the balance of M1 and M2 macrophages can be altered and whether this affects disease outcome. We show in thi...

Background The kynurenine pathway of tryptophan oxidation is associated with central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory pathways. Inhibition of this pathway ameliorates CNS inflammation in rodent models of the late (meningoencephalitic) stage of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT). In this study, we evaluate whether the kynurenine pathway is activated in clinical HAT and associated with CNS infl...

inflammatory bowel diseases are a general term for a group of chronic inflammatory diseases with unknown etiology that involve gastrointestinal system. the diagnosis of these diseases is possible with rule out of other diseases because there are not special diagnostic tests for them. nevertheless, clinical feature of these diseases are very specific and in most cases definite diagnosis are poss...