Objective(s): It is generally believed that the inflammatory response in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) transplantation leads to poor survival and unsatisfactory effects, and is mainly mediated by cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). In this study, we explored the mechanisms underlying the TNF-α-induced inflammatory ...

Introduction: Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cell type. In addition to their neurological roles, astrocytes also have immune functions. They have been involved in antigen presentation in the central nervous system (CNS). Activated astrocytes express adhesion molecules, chemokines and release several inflammatory mediators, pro-inflammatory cytokines, neurotrophic and neuroprotective fac...

The mast cell, located at mucosal surfaces and surrounding venules, is uniquely positioned to respond rapidly to insults to the host by mediating the development of a wide-ranging inflammatory response. Activaton of the mast cell releases preformed granule-associated chemical mediators and generates de novo biologically active materials. The properties of the mast cell mediators permit developm...

The acute inflammatory response is composed of an elaborate cascade of both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators. The balance between these mediators often determines the outcome after injury. In clinical scenarios, such as trauma or sepsis, there is often unregulated production of proinflammatory mediators that can cause multiple organ failure. Further understanding of the endogenou...

Autophagy, the major lysosomal pathway for degradation and recycling of cytoplasmic materials, is increasingly recognized as a player in endothelial cell (EC) biology vascular pathology. Particularly solid tumors, tumor microenvironmental stress such hypoxia, nutrient deprivation, inflammatory mediators, metabolic aberrations stimulates autophagy tumor-associated blood vessels. Increased ECs ma...

Inflammatory condition is the consequence of defensive mechanism of immune system against viral and bacterial infection, tissue injury, UV radiation, stress and etc. Persistently acute inflammation leads to chronic phase which is characterized by production of pro-inflammatory mediators from T cells. These molecules (e.g. IL-6, TNF-&alpha, IL-1&beta and IL-17) are mostly pleiotropic cytokines i...

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is responsible for disease 2019 (COVID-19). While COVID-19 often benign, a subset of patients develops severe multilobar pneumonia that can progress to an distress syndrome. There no cure and few treatments significantly improved clinical outcome. Dexamethasone possibly aspirin, which directly/indirectly target the biosynthesis/effects numerous li...

The transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) is a primary afferent transducer that plays a crucial role in neuropathic hyperalgesia for osmotic and mechanical stimuli, as well as in inflammatory mediator-induced hyperalgesia for osmotic stimuli. In view of the clinical importance of mechanical hyperalgesia in inflammatory states, the present study investigated the role of TRPV4 in mecha...

Visceral hypersensitivity is currently the most widely accepted mechanism responsible for abdominal pain. Inflammatory mediators are known to sensitise primary afferents and to recruit silent nociceptors. Recent evidence suggests that non-inflammatory mediators also have the potential to trigger visceral pain. This sequence of events may constitute part of an alerting system which prompts the c...

Introduction Bone repair is a complex process involving the participation of several cell types, signal transduction pathways and biochemical events [1]. Because it is initiated by a skeletal injury, which induces an inflammatory response, chemical mediators of inflammation are also involved in this process [2]. Prostaglandins, a class of compounds known to mediate inflammation and shown to hav...