Iso-butene is an important material for the production of chemicals and polymers. It can take part in various chemical reactions, such as hydrogenation, oxidation and other additions owing to the presence of a reactive double bond. It is usually obtained as a by-product of a petroleum refinery, by Fluidized Catalytic Cracking (FCC) of naphtha or gas-oil. However, an interesting alternative to i...

Article history: Received 9 September 2013 Received in revised form 14 February 2014 Accepted 24 May 2014 Available online 9 June 2014

In modern agriculture, the energy that is consumed in every stage of production can be divided in direct (e.g. fuels and lubricants) and indirect (e.g. machinery embodied energy, materials and agrochemicals etc). This energy consumption can be examined further in environmental level as environmental impact. Environmental impact regards to the CO2 that is emitted during the production process an...

The properties of biodiesel as renewable fuel, as well as the problems associated with its conventional production processes are outlined. A novel sustainable process based on catalytic reactive distillation is proposed as alternative. The pros and cons of manufacturing biodiesel via fatty acid esterification using metal oxides as solid acid catalysts are investigated. The experimental findings...

In this work, optimal control theory is used to derive the optimal production rate in a manu‐ facturing system presenting the following features: the demand rate during a certain period depends on the demand rate of the previous period (dependent demand), the demand rate depends on the inventory level, items in inventory are subject to deterioration, and the firm can adopt a periodic or a conti...