Basolateral efflux clearance (CLBL) contributes significantly to rosuvastatin (RSV) elimination in sandwich-cultured hepatocytes (SCH). The contribution of CLBL to RSV hepatic elimination was determined in single-pass isolated perfused livers (IPLs) from wild-type (WT) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (Mrp2)-deficient (TR(-)) rats in the absence and presence of the P-glycoprotein a...

Second or foreign language (L2) learners’ development of interlanguage pragmatic (ILP) competence to understand and properly interpret utterances under certain social and cultural circumstances plays a pivotal role in the achievement of communicative competence. The current study was designed to explore the effects of synchronous computer-mediated communication (SCMC) and asynchronous com...

This paper conducts acoustic experiments from a signal processing perspective, to examine the “-/a/ /C_” syllable narrow focus processing strategy of English L2 learners. The research discusses F0, OQ and SQ as key phonatory acoustic parameters. L2 strategies are examined by measuring deviations from L1 group to L2 group. The matrix distance reflects L1’s traces in the interlanguage system.

This paper proposes a method to fuse learning strategies (LSs) in reinforcement learning framework. Generally, we need to choose a suitable LS for each task respectively. In contrast, the proposed method automates this selection by fusing LSs. The LSs fused in this paper includes a transfer learning, a hierarchical RL, and a model based RL. The proposed method has a wide applicability. When the...

If one is to exploit the notion of interlanguage in error diagnosis systems, a precise definition of this concept is useful. We will define interlanguage set theoretically, on two different levels. A comparison of a first language and a target language on the X^-level makes it possible to compare structural similarity between languages, and a comparison on the Vx-level enables an explication of...

The present study examines transfer errors at the levels of phonetics and syntax in the interlanguage of 10 fourteen-year-old Basque/Spanish bilinguals who have been learning English for 7 years in a formal school context in the Basque Country. Analyses showed that learners display L1 effects in the acquisition of both English phonetics and syntax, even though phonetic transfer errors (replacem...

Owing to the growing interest in communicative, cultural and pragmatic aspects of second language learning in recent years, the present study tried to investigate representations of pragmatic aspects of English as a foreign language in Iranian high school textbooks. Using Halliday’s (1978), and Searle’s (1976) models, different language functions and speech acts were specifically determined and...

The study of second language acquisition involves many aspects, among which interlanguage is an important one. Research on interlanguage and its various characteristics may make a great difference in the study of second language acquisition. This paper tends to explore one of the characteristics of interlanguage, its variability, so as to study its role in second language acquisition.