Although the subject of religion has always played a marginal role in international politics, and it has been less regarded as an independent variable in understanding the events of the international system, various events such as the victory of the Islamic Revolution in Iran, the Quds and Palestine issue, the September 11th  terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center, and Pentagon in th...

Abstract The process of democratization of Turkey over more than a century has been accompanied by various barriers, such as military intervention, inefficient and passive opposition, undemocratic performance and sponsor of the religious-political tariqa, ethnic and religious rifts, authoritarian government leaders, political parties’ poor and sometimes biased performance, contradictory intern...