Pressure control valve (PCV) is implemented in internal combustion engine to regulate crankcase pressure. In this study, the performance of a diaphragm PCV valve is investigated numerically and experimentally. Firstly, numerical simulation is carried out using commercial code to predict the flow and pressure distribution inside the valve. Furthermore, downstream and upstream pressure of the val...

A case is reported concerning echocardiographic findings in a patient with congenital corrected transposition of the great vessels and Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve. This presented an unusual opportunity to study atrioventricular valve closure in a patient in whom the Ebstein's malformation involved the systemic atrioventricular valve. The mitral to tricuspid valve closure interval w...

Dipyrone administered intravenously (iv) or intracerebroventricularly (icv) delays gastric emptying (GE) in rats. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the most potent inhibitory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of icv baclofen, a GABAB receptor agonist, on delayed GE induced by dipyrone. Adult male Wistar rats received a...

We examined whether growth hormone releasing hormone GHRH may promote non-REM sleep via activation of GABAergic neurons in the preoptic area. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with EEG, EMG electrodes and a unilateral intracerebroventricular (icv) cannula. Groups of rats received icv injections (3 μl) with GHRH (0.1 nmol/100 g body wt) or equal volume of physiological saline at the onset ...

objective(s):reduction of pharmacological effectiveness or tolerance appears following repeated administration of many analgesic drugs. we investigated tolerance to anti-nociceptive effects of orexin-a, an endogenous potent analgesic peptide using the hot-plate test.materials and methods:orexin-a was microinjected icv (intracerebroventricular) with an interval of 12 hr for 7 continuous days and...

AIM To explore the relationship between colonic secretory function and colonic motility. METHODS Using a rat model chronically implanted with intracerebroventricular (ICV) and cecal catheters, we validated the correlation between colonic secretion and colonic motor functions, as well as the role of ICV injection volume. RESULTS Compared to saline controls (5 μL/rat), ICV acyl ghrelin at 1 n...

This study tests the hypothesis that lipids could act as an alternative fuel source in the brain during insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to hyperinsulinemic (5 mU.kg(-1).min(-1)) hypoglycemic (approximately 50 mg/dl) clamps. In protocol 1, intralipid (IL), a fat emulsion, was infused intravenously to prevent the fall in free fatty acid levels that occurs in ...

The sympathetic nervous system, leptin, and renin-angiotensin system (RAS) have been implicated in obesity-associated hypertension. There is increasing evidence for the presence of both leptin and angiotensin II receptors in several key brain cardiovascular and metabolic control regions. We tested the hypothesis that the brain RAS plays a facilitatory role in the sympathetic nerve responses to ...

The gastrointestinal system may be involved in the etiopathogenesis of insulin-resistant brain state (IRBS) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Gastrointestinal hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is being explored as a potential therapy activation GLP-1 receptors (GLP-1R) exerts neuroprotection controls peripheral metabolism. Intracerebroventricular administration streptozotocin (STZ-icv) used t...

Hypertension in Dahl S rats on high-salt intake is in general considered a model of "low-renin hypertension," unresponsive to treatment with blockers of the renin-angiotensin system. However, direct central administration of an angiotensin II type 1 (AT(1)) receptor blocker prevents both the sympathoexcitation and hypertension caused by high-salt intake in Dahl S rats. In the present study, we ...