Antibodies are required to control blood-stage forms of African trypanosomes in humans and animals. Here, we report that intradermal infections by low numbers of African trypanosomes are controlled by innate resistance but prime the adaptive immune response to increase susceptibility to a subsequent challenge. Mice were found 100 times more resistant to intradermal infections by Trypanosoma con...

BACKGROUND Cutaneous adverse drug reactions (CADRs) due to bisphosphonates (BPs) have been scarcely described in the literature. OBJECTIVE To discuss the diagnostic value and limitations of cutaneous provocation tests with BPs. METHODS A descriptive case series study with a control group of CADRs due to BPs studied using patch testing from 2005 to 2010 is presented. RESULTS Patient 1 show...

Methods During general anaesthesia exposure to a number of different agents is common. In addition, anti-inflammatory drugs, antiemetics, antacids, antibiotics and analgesics may be used, and all may elicit reactions. Follow up is recommended to include serum tryptase, specific IgE, skin prick test (SPT), intradermal tests (IDT), basophil activation test (BAT) and provocations. We present a cas...

BACKGROUND Hypersensitivity to penicillin has been studied worldwide, but data regarding patterns of sensitization in Arabian Gulf countries are scarce. OBJECTIVE To describe the patterns of penicillin hypersensitivity during a 6-year study in Kuwait in terms of demographics, type of the culprit drug, in vivo and in vitro allergy testing. METHODS One hundred and twenty-four patients referre...

Penicillin, or other forms of it, is one of the most commonly prescribed antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections. Penicillin allergy may present with a wide range of symptoms and signs from mild ones such as runny nose, rash or hives on the skin, to deadly angioedema, asthmatic attack, and anaphylactic shock. The purposes of a penicillin skin test (PST) are to identify people at risk of a...

The authors present the in vivo investigation options drug allergy. In suspicion of induced hypersensitivity reaction prick testing, intradermal testing and patch are recommended according to assumed immuno-mechanism. If these examinations negative, next step is provocation test, which gold standard diagnosis We summarize methods, indications contraindications evaluationof each focusing on issu...

Glatiramer acetate (GA) is a synthetic amino acid polymer, used for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. The most common adverse effect of GA is a skin reaction at the injection site with a probable IgE-mediated mechanism. We report a case of a 45-year-old woman with multiple sclerosis and urticaria to interferon-β1a, who underwent a challenge test to GA. She presented itching wheals at the ...