Intranasal vaccination is more potent than parenteral injection for the prevention of influenza. However, because the poor efficiency of antigen uptake across the nasal mucosa is a key issue, immunostimulatory adjuvants are essential for intranasal vaccines. The immunomodulator mannatide or polyactin (PA) has been used for the clinical treatment of impaired immunity in China, but its adjuvant e...

BACKGROUND Allergic asthma is caused by aberrant helper T (T(H)) type 2 immune responses in susceptible individuals, characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness, chronic airway inflammation, and mucus hypersecretion. Its prevalence continues to increase, but optimal treatment remains a challenge. The transcription factor T-bet is a master regulator of T(H)1 lineage commitment and strongly promo...

Objective- The objective of the present study was to define electrocardiographic data following intranasal administration of diazepam, midazolam and xylazine with or without Ketamine in Chough. Design- To determine the heart effects of anesthetics in intranasal administration, an experimental in vivo study was employed. Animals- Ten healthy Choughs were examined in the current study...

BACKGROUND A total of 738 volunteer blood donors who were positive for anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) were assessed for risk factors and outcomes for up to 15 years within the study and up to 54 years from the estimated onset of infection. METHODS A third-generation recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA) was performed to distinguish true from false anti-HCV reactivity. Findings of HCV polymerase c...

abstract introduction. some children show aggressive uncontrollable behavior during dental procedures, the only way to control this behavior is pharmacological methods such as conscious sedation. recently intranasal administration of midazolam has been considered. the main goal of our study is to determine the effectiveness of intranasal administration of midazolam (in a does of 0.5 mg/kg) in b...

Route of administration is an important contributor to the adverse health consequences of prescription medication abuse. The current study examines characteristics associated with non-oral routes of administration among a large sample of prescription opioid abusers and explores needle-related human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk behaviors as well. In the study, 791 opioid abusers completed a...

Neisseria gonorrhoeae surface protein A (NspA) is a highly conserved gonococcal antigen. To explore the potential of NspA in vaccine development against gonorrhea, BALB/c mice were immunized with pcNspA containing the NspA gene from N. gonorrhoeae strain WHO-A via intramuscular (i.m.) injection, intranasal (i.n.) immunization, or intravaginal (i.vag.) immunization. Following the last DNA immuni...

Method On days 1 and 8, wild type C57Bl/6 mice, IL-13, TRP (Transient Receptor Potential) A1, TRPV1 and mast cell deficient mice were dermally sensitized with 1% TDI (toluene-2.4-diisocyanate) or vehicle (acetone/olive oil) on both ears. On day 15, the mice received a single intranasal challenge with 0.1% TDI or vehicle. In a second experiment TDI or vehicle sensitized wild type C57Bl/6 mice re...

Methamphetamine is a synthetically produced central nervous system stimulant [1]. This drug is the second illicit drug used after cannabis in North America Asia, and Oceania, with an annual global prevalence estimated at 0.4% [1]. Its use remains marginal in Europe except in the Czech Republic (2,8 cases for 1000) and Slovakia (1,5 to 4 cases for 1000) [2]. This drug is usually sold in powder, ...

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