Liquid-phase bonding is a technologically important method to fabricate high-performance metal/ceramic heterostructures used for power electronic devices. However, the atomic-scale mechanisms of how these two dissimilar crystals specifically bond at the interfaces are still not well understood. Here we analyse the atomically-resolved structure of a liquid-phase bonded heterointerface between Al...

BACKGROUND The consumption of beverages that contain sugar is associated with overweight, possibly because liquid sugars do not lead to a sense of satiety, so the consumption of other foods is not reduced. However, data are lacking to show that the replacement of sugar-containing beverages with noncaloric beverages diminishes weight gain. METHODS We conducted an 18-month trial involving 641 p...

The objective of this research was to measure in vitro hydrolytic digestion, glycemic and insulinemic responses in dogs, and true ME (TMEn) content of select soluble corn fibers (SCF) in roosters. The first generation (G1) SCF included hydrochloric acid-treated corn syrup (G1-CS-HCl), an SCF with an increased total dietary fiber (TDF) content (G1-SCF-HCl), an SCF that was spray-dried (G1-SCF-SD...

The principles of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and its application to studies of electron transfer at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions are reviewed. The results of SECM measurements with a number of redox couples at the bare liquid liquid interface or an interface with a lipid monolayer suggest that the electron transfer follows that predicted by Marcus t...

The present study aims at a better understanding of the mechanism of transfection mediated by two sugar-based gemini surfactants GS1 and GS2. Previously, these gemini surfactants have been shown to be efficient gene vectors for transfection both in vitro and in vivo. Here, using Nile Red, a solvatochromic fluorescent probe, we investigated the phase behavior of these gemini surfactants in compl...

Lactose permease (LacY) is the prototype of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) of secondary transporters. Available structures of LacY reveal a state in which the substrate is exposed to the cytoplasm but is occluded from the periplasm. However, the alternating-access transport mechanism requires the existence of a periplasm-facing state. We recently showed that inverted-topology structura...

Evaluation of gene expression in baker's yeast requires the extraction and collection of pure samples of RNA. However, in bread dough this task is difficult due to the complex composition of the system. We found that a liquid model system can be used to analyze the transcriptional response of industrial strains in dough with a high sugar content. The production levels of CO2 and glycerol by two...

The glass transition in sugars is important for several reasons. First, sugar glasses are very effective materials for cryopreservation and anhydrobiosis. Second, biochemists commonly use sugars to suspend biomaterials in a glassy matrix for spectroscopic studies. Third, the glass transition in sugars is important in the food industry. The texture of candies or cookies mainly depends on the gla...

The extracellular colorants produced by Chlorociboria aeruginosa, Scytalidium cuboideum, and Scytalidium ganodermophthorum, three commonly utilized spalting fungi, were tested against a standard woodworker's aniline dye to determine if the fungal colorants could be utilized in an effort to find a naturally occurring replacement for the synthetic dye. Fungal colorants were delivered in two metho...