BACKGROUND Consistent with observational studies, a randomized controlled intervention trial of adult male circumcision (MC) conducted in the general population in Orange Farm (OF) (Gauteng Province, South Africa) demonstrated a protective effect against HIV acquisition of 60%. The objective of this study is to present the first cost-effectiveness analysis of the use of MC as an intervention to...

The US department of health and human services launched 50 million dollars initiative in 2001 to increase and improve research in patient safety. Over the past decade, a great deal has been learned about medical errors and patient harm; in addition, we achieved better understanding of the environmental and human factors that can lead to adverse events. Emergency patient’s care is an important a...

In order to prioritise interventions for micronutrient deficiencies in China, the populations affected by iron and zinc deficiencies were assessed based on data from the 2002 China National Nutrition and Health Survey. The costs and cost-effectiveness of supplementation, food diversification and food fortification were estimated using the standard World Health Organization ingredients approach....

In 1998, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) announced an ambitious Five Year Plan for funding for research, namely that by Fiscal Year 2003, one of every three Total Public Support dollars raised by the ADA would be allocated to Research Awards and Grants. Since 1998, I have kept the Professional Section apprised of progress toward that goal by yearly letters published in this journal. The...

On May 24, 2000, the Clay Mathematics Institute (CMI), inspired by the centenary of the Hilbert Challenge and seeking to put its own stamp on the new century and perhaps beyond, announced awards of one million dollars each for solutions to seven “Millennium Prize Problems” [6]. The problems selected by the CMI were neither new nor concerned with pressing practical matters. Ordinarily the popula...

India is being widely recognised as one of the most exciting emerging economics in the world. Besides becoming a global hub of outsourcing, Indian firms are spreading their wings globally through mergers and acquisitions. During the first four months of 1997, Indian companies have bought 34 foreign companies for about U.S. $11 billion dollars. This impressive development has been due to a growt...

use of fossil energy provides greenhouse gases emissions and therefore global warming phenomenon and the incidence of further consequences such as expanding deserts and blasting the dust storms in the middel east, including iran. taking advantage of renewable energy is the most appropriate solution to prevent greenhouse gas emissions. ahvaz region in the southwest of with a population of 133812...

It is estimated that 5 to 8 million individuals with chest pain or other symptoms suggestive of myocardial ischemia are seen each year in emergency departments (ED) in the United States 1,2, which corresponds to 5 to 10% of all visits 3,4. Most of these patients are hospitalized for evaluation of possible acute coronary syndrome (ACS). This generates an estimated cost of 3 - 6 thousand dollars ...