abstract the theory of hardship is a situation in which the implementation of contractual obligation, as a result of unpredictable events that are out of control, becomes economically difficult and expensive without being physically impossible and distorts the balance of the contract. in such a situation, the hardship theory is applied to restore the balance of the contract. this matter has var...

BACKGROUND Chronic illness and disability can have damaging, even catastrophic, socioeconomic effects on individuals and their households. We examined the experiences of people affected by chronic heart failure, complicated diabetes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to inform patient centred policy development. This paper provides a first level, qualitative understanding of the economic...

The historic increase in U.S. incarceration rates made the transition from prison to community common for poor, prime-age men and women. Leaving prison presents the challenge of social integration--of connecting with family and finding housing and a means of subsistence. The authors study variation in social integration in the first months after prison release with data from the Boston Reentry ...

High income risk is part of life in developing countries. Climatic risks, economic fluctuations, but also a large number of individual-specific shocks make these households vulnerable to serious hardship. For example, details are given on the various shocks and events causing serious hardship to rural households in Ethiopia in the last twenty years. Not surprisingly for Ethiopia, climatic event...

Since its establishment in 1990, Project Lifeline has been dedicated to serving juvenile court children to help them survive some of the harshest conditions that stubbornly persist in our community. Yet the single greatest obstacle these young men and women face is not the hardship they’ve already endured. It is the fear that things will never change – no matter what they do, their lives will n...

Criminal sanctions involve the deliberate infliction of hardship on offenders.1 In sentencing, the state acts in its most coercive and decisive manner: ‘the state may use its most awesome power: the power to use force against its citizens and others’.2 Despite the importance of the interests at stake in the sentencing realm, sentencing is arguably the least coherent, predictable and principled ...

This study explored whether fertility-specific distress varied by race/ethnicity among a nationally representative sample of US women. Participants were 2363 White (n = 1266), Black (n = 569), Hispanic (n = 453), and Asian (n = 51) women who participated in the National Survey of Fertility Barriers. Participants were given the Fertility-Specific Distress Scale and assessed for strength of pregn...

Three members of my family have been diagnosed with cancer in the past five years. During the fall of my freshman year of high school, my older brother was diagnosed with acute lymphocytic leukemia. His health began to deteriorate in August 2006. My mother would take him to the hospital weekly, insisting that the doctors run every test on her ill-ridden son. Chris's diagnosis in November 2006 a...

The guarantee of mortgage forbearance provided in the CARES Act is an unprecedented provision flexibility for government-insured borrowers and has been successful thus far at limiting delinquencies during COVID-19 pandemic. terms this are favorable to borrowers, there little required documentation hardship, making requesting attractive option even if not facing hardship do need remain current o...