In the chapter "Of Identity and Diversity" of An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Locke claims that justice is based on personal identity consciousness. However, this view leads to an impasse when defendant alleges he has no consciousness crime and, therefore, does not identify himself as person who committed crime: if it possible determine one crime, can we say punishment just? This artic...

This paper gives an overview of Pierre Bayle’s theory of toleration and derives a normative principle of toleration from it that is meant to compete with other normative principles of toleration such as the Harm principle. INDEX WORDS: Political philosophy, Social philosophy, toleration, religion, Christianity, justice, legitimacy, stability, John Locke, Pierre Bayle, Baruch Spinoza, Harm princ...

one of the most significant issues in meta–ethics is moral realism, which has been criticized so much. one of the main criticisms of it has been offered by j.l. mackie. he believes that moral properties depend upon our feelings and emotions and they don't refer to reality; so, they have no causal explanation and cannot give us any knowledge. therefore any judgment about moral properties is...

Resumo: Neste artigo, pretende-se oferecer uma interpretação sobre a explicação da origem ideia (relativa) de substância pura em geral, na filosofia John Locke, partir noção “sugestão natural” Thomas Reid. Para tal, após contextualizar geral para Locke e distingui-la particular (seção 1), explicita-se que as suas palavras fonte (empírica ou racional) segunda mente são ambíguas inconclusivas 2)....