Recent research has posited that retributiveness is an individual level disposition that can help us understand foreign policy preferences (e.g. Liberman 2006, Liberman 2007, Liberman in press, Stein n.d.). However, previous research is limited in two related respects. First, previous research relies on correlational data, blunting our ability to make clear causal inferences. Also, retributiven...

As impostors seldom make lies to pass in the world, without putting false names upon things, [ . . . ] to persuade the people they ought not to defend their liberties, by giving the name of rebellion to the most just and honourable actions that have been performed for the preservation of them; and to aggravate the matter, fear not to tell us that rebellion is like the sin of witchcraft. But tho...

Abstract As the world continues to fail reduce and control global surface temperatures, use of solar radiation management (SRM) technology by one actor or a small coalition actors is becoming increasingly likely. Yet, most social scientific literature on geoengineering does not tend systematically engage with this possibility; scholars focus either governance banning SRM usage research altogeth...

A close observation of Iran-Iraq war films in the Iranian society reveals that their genres have shifted in the course of the society’s evolution. This questions the category-based principles of genre we have known so far in literature concerning film theory and necessitates a new conceptualization of genre, which can be realized with the aid of Niklas Luhmann’s social systems theory. This theo...

Ethnic violence and armed conflict continue to ravage the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), particularly its eastern provinces, nearly two decades after official 2003 end Congolese ‘Wars Liberation,’ which have cost over four million lives since 1996. Traditional Western mindsets—grounded in doctrine just war theory, informs much international humanitarian law criminal law—find ethical underp...