The traditional view of economists has been that corrective taxes are superior to direct regulation of harmful externalities when the state’s information about control costs is incomplete. In recent years, however, many economists seem to have adopted the view that either corrective taxes or quantity regulation could be superior to the other. One argument for this view, identified with Weitzman...

This paper analyzes the impact of bureaucratic decision costs on agency expertise. The analysis shows that the effect of the cost associated with adopting a new regulation (the “enactment cost”) on agency expertise depends on what the agency would do if it remains uninformed. If an uninformed agency would regulate, increasing enactment costs increases agency expertise; if an uninformed agency w...

D evelopment of oil and gas fields is facing many risks, which are mainly due to uncertainties about the existence of commercial reserves, natural and economic environment, political conditions of host countries, legal and infrastructure issues and a market for petroleum products. In such an environment, investors are often engaged as contractors to develop and operate petroleum proj...

Groundwater is a vital resource under threat in island communities. Karainagar, 22 km2 island, one of seven islands off the coast Jaffna Northern Sri Lanka, with its population just about 11,000 persons, experiences seasonal water shortage, and salinity groundwater as twin threats impacting on their lives. This paper reports 3-year study (October 2019 to September 2022) map dynamics Karainagar ...

Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved cellular process found in all eukaryotic cells to play roles in cell growth, development, homeostasis and innate immunity. In autophagy, sequestration of cytosolic contents initiates with the development of a phagophore that grows into an autophagosome while enclosing a portion of the cytosol. The completed autophagosome fuses with a lysosome to form autol...

ion appears also in the music experience. Ordinary listener is not able to identify the key of the music piece but this does not a↵ect the music experience much since only the ratios of the pitches of notes of the melody matter. People with ”absolute ear” can however recognize the absolute key of the music piece and regard pieces in di↵erent keys as di↵erent ones. In the standard scale used for...

We present the implementation of Distributed Constructionism (DC) through a Participatory Design (PD) methodology for an Online Learning community. The students collaborate on the content and functionality development of an online Modern Greek language course, peer review and publish content contributions, and participate in participatory design teams. Participatory design was implemented as a ...