When a data set is partitioned, the resulting subsets may contain phylogenetically conflicting signals if they have different evolutionary histories. In a data set with many taxa, a single taxon that contains multiple phylogenetic histories may result in global incongruence, but no methods are available in a parsimony framework to localize incongruence to specific clades in a phylogeny or to te...

The question of what effects nuclear weapons have on an actor’s success in coercive diplomacy is in part a function of how nuclear weapons change the perceived costs of conflict. We argue that states will be able to prevail in improving their allotment of a good or in convincing an opponent to back down, and have shorter crises, if their opponents have greater expected costs of crisis. Noting, ...

Offsetting complexity of societal dialogue, netizen has dripped down mollifying social contract – which is also redefining new context in international relations (IR) indeed. With emergence of the Internet, especially web 2.0, convenient media structure has been reshaping to meet expectation of public and new dynamics of social relations are also gaining new vibes which sometimes turns into con...

Today, many governments tend to propose e-services to their citizens. However, implementing an eGovernment environment shall face up to several security challenges including integrating security requirements coming from multiple stakeholders. In this article, we analyze the conflicts that can occur between eGovernment security requirements. Since these security requirements can contain both aut...

In this paper, an innovative technique called Relational Time-Space Data Structures is presented for Conflict Detection (CD) between 4D trajectories, improving the performance of the widely-used pairwise CD algorithms and also overcoming some of the shortages of previous Spatial Data Structures CD algorithm. WP-E project STREAM aims to coordinate the whole European ATM at strategic and tactical...

Predicated execution is an efficient mechanism to avoid conditional constructs in application programs. In this paper we describe how an existing method for register binding can be extended to support predicated execution. The method exploits the combination of register constraints, resource and timing constraints and models the overlap of value lifetimes in a conflict graph. In our extension, ...

this paper tries to survey irans regional labor market disequilibrium within 1996-2000. according to the results there has been an increase in the amount of disequilibrium of irans national as well as regional labor markets. incomplete labor market information on vacant job opportunities in different regions of the country along with high costs of migration have been the major causes of unemplo...

Since the obliteration of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, nuclear weapons have captured the attention of social scientists and the public alike. Some argue that the world benefits from nuclear weapons, claiming that they prevent war. Skeptics do not share this view and worry that nuclear weapons will only intensify conflict. Unfortunately, most theories about the benefits of nuclear weapons await judge...