Vaccines are the most powerful biologicals which have modulated the economic, social and cultural life of human beings. Certain diseases have haunted humanity for centuries but are now extinct due to vaccines. On the other hand, some diseases such as salmonellosis, that were uncontrollable in the past, still cause pandemics today. There are more than 2500 serovars of Salmonella and vaccines mad...

Cholera in pregnant women has been linked to higher rates of miscarriages and stillbirths. When used effectively, oral cholera vaccines (OCVs) can prevent or control cholera outbreaks and manage endemic cholera. For this reason, the World Health Organization (WHO) listed pregnant women in its 2010 position paper on cholera vaccines as a group that is “especially vulnerable to severe disease and...

The first report of “virus” inactivation for vaccine purposes was described in 1886 when Daniel Elmer Salmon and Theobald Smith immunized pigeons with what they thought was a heat-killed hog cholera “virus” (Salmon and Smith 1886). Although in reality it was a cholera-like bacterium, it seeded the scientific community with evidence that immunization with inactivated pathogens can provide protec...

Yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata were immunized with 2 different Lactococcus garvieae bacterin, formalin-killed KG- phenotype cells (capsulated phenotype) and formalin-killed KG+ phenotype cells (unencapsulated phenotype). These 2 injected vaccines conferred long-term protection to yellowtail against an artificial infection of an encapsulated Lactococcus garvieae strain with long-lasting agglu...

Milne, Margaret (University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia), and F. M. Collins. Heat-labile antigens of Salmonella enteritidis. I. Extraction of antigens. J. Bacteriol. 92:543-548. 1966.-Salmonella enteritidis strains of high and low mouse virulence were grown in continuous culture. Cell walls were obtained from both strains by sonic disruption, and the washed walls were extracted at 4 C with...

The success of many vaccines relies on their association with selected adjuvants in order to increase their immunogenicity and ensure long-term protection. Propolis is a natural compounds, are mostly known for their immunostimulatory  properties. In this study the adjuvant effects of propolis in combination with formalin-killed A. hydrophila vaccine in Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were evaluat...

Three influenza pandemics took place during the 20th century, including the 1918 pandemic, which killed an estimated 50 million people. We are facing the threat of another pandemic, which may be caused by an A/H5N1 influenza virus. These viruses have expanded their territory from Asia to the Middle East, Africa and Europe and have caused more than 190 human deaths up to the present. Vaccines in...

Clinical studies of component (“acellular”) pertussis vaccines have been undertaken in recent years, and several acellular vaccines have been used in Japan for 10 years. The Committee has reviewed these trials and related data and herein provides its assessment regarding the current status of the acellular vaccines and their possible use in the United States. The pertussis vaccines in current u...

Clinical studies of component (“acellular”) pertussis vaccines have been undertaken in recent years, and several acellular vaccines have been used in Japan for 10 years. The Committee has reviewed these trials and related data and herein provides its assessment regarding the current status of the acellular vaccines and their possible use in the United States. The pertussis vaccines in current u...