We propose a mapping between geometry and kinematics that implies the classical equivalence of any theory massless bosons -- including spin exhibiting arbitrary derivative or potential interactions to nonlinear sigma model (NLSM) with momentum-dependent metric in field space. From this kinematic we construct corresponding connection, covariant derivative, curvature, all which transform appropri...

Safe, efficient liquid feeding in infant mammals requires the central coordination of oropharyngeal structures innervated by multiple cranial and spinal nerves. The importance of laryngeal sensation and central sensorimotor integration in this system is poorly understood. Recurrent laryngeal nerve lesion (RLN) results in increased aspiration, though the mechanism for this is unclear. This study...

Background Accurate measurements of skeletal kinematics of the foot would increase our understanding on the interaction between foot and footwear. Previously foot kinematics was measured using reflective markers but the method had inherent limitation of skin marker-based methods. Recently fluoroscopic imaging-based methods has been developed and widely used to measure knee kinematics [1,2]. We ...

A novel 3-PUU parallel robot was put forward, on which kinematic analysis was conducted to obtain its inverse kinematics solution, and on this basis, the limitations of the sliding pair and the Hooke joint on the workspace were analyzed. Moreover, the workspace was solved through the three dimensional limit search method, and then optimization analysis was performed on the workspace of this par...