An R-module M is observable ii all its elements can be distinguished by observing them by means of linear morphisms from M to R. We show that free observable R-modules can be explicitly described as the cores of the nal power domains with characteristic semiring R. Then, the general theory is applied to the cases of the lower and the upper semiring. All lower modules are observable, whereas the...

The first 6 residues of the biosurfactant lipopeptidolactone arthrofactin have the D configuration, yet none of the 11 modules of the nonribosomal peptide synthetase assembly line have epimerization domains. We show that the two-module ArfA subunit and the first module of the ArfB subunit, which act in tandem to produce the N-acyl-D-Leu1-D-Asp2-D-Thr3-S-protein intermediate, activate the L amin...

The variety of power domain constructions proposed in the literature is put into a general algebraic framework. Power constructions are considered algebras on a higher level: for every ground domain, there is a power domain whose algebraic structure is speciied by means of axioms concerning the algebraic properties of the basic operations empty set, union, singleton, and extension of functions....

In this paper, we describe three distinct monoids over domains, each with a commutative analog, the latter of which define bag domain monoids. Our results were inspired by work by Varacca (Varacca 2003), and they lead to a constructive approach to his Hoare indexed valuations over a continuous poset P . We use our constructive approach to describe an analog of the probabilistic power domain and...

We report the atomic-resolution (1.3 Å) X-ray crystal structure of an open conformation dapE-encoded N-succinyl-l,l-diaminopimelic acid desuccinylase (DapE, EC 3.5.1.18) from Neisseria meningitidis. This [Protein Data Bank (PDB) entry 5UEJ] contains two bound sulfate ions in active site that mimic binding terminal carboxylates (l,l-SDAP) substrate. demonstrated inhibition DapE by (IC50 = 13.8 ±...

M. tuberculosis harbors an essential phosphoserine phosphatase (MtSerB2, Rv3042c) that contains two small- molecule binding ACT-domains (Pfam 01842) at the N-terminus followed by the phosphoserine phosphatase (PSP) domain. We found that exogenously added MtSerB2 elicits microtubule rearrangements in THP-1 cells. Mutational analysis demonstrates that phosphatase activity is co-related to the eli...

Monoclonal antibodies are now established as key therapeutics for a range of diseases including cancer and auto-immunity. However, despite important improvements, these molecules still face several serious limitations including production costs and tumor penetration. A new class of antibody fragments, made of a single immunoglobulin domain, is emerging as an exciting alternative. This review de...

background: protein-protein interactions do not provide any direct information re­garding the domains within the proteins that mediate the interactions. the majority of proteins are multi domain proteins and the interaction between them is often defined by the pairs of their domains. most of the former studies focus only on interacting do­main pairs. however they do not consider the interaction...

JCB • VOLUME 169 • NUMBER 2 • 2005 214 Lipid-driven sorting and fission hanges in membrane shape during trafficking require proteins, and those proteins are thought to operate mechanically to extrude or squeeze membranes. But biological membranes are also thought to be poised near a phase transition between liquidordered (L o ) and liquid-disordered (L d ) states. Aurélien Roux, Patricia Basser...

Background: Protein-protein interactions do not provide any direct information re‌garding the domains within the proteins that mediate the interactions. The majority of proteins are multi domain proteins and the interaction between them is often defined by the pairs of their domains. Most of the former studies focus only on interacting do‌main pairs. However they do not consider the in...