Three experiments were conducted to examine cross-language priming in bilinguals. The first was a cross-language primed lexical decision task experiment with Chinese-English bilinguals. Subjects made lexical decisions about primary associate targets in the two languages at the same rate, but priming occurred only when the prime was in their first language (L1), Chinese, and the target was in th...

Electrophysiological studies consistently find N400 effects of semantic incongruity in nonnative (L2) language comprehension. These N400 effects are often delayed compared with native (L1) comprehension, suggesting that semantic integration in one's second language occurs later than in one's first language. In this study, we investigated whether such a delay could be attributed to (1) intraling...

During the translation cycle, a cognate deacylated tRNA can only move together with the codon into the E site. We here present the first structure of a cognate tRNA bound to the ribosomal E site resulting from translocation by EF-G, in which an entire L1 stalk (L1 protein and L1 rRNA) interacts with E-site tRNA (E-tRNA), representing an authentic ribosome elongation complex. Our results reveale...

Determining the mechanism by which tRNAs rapidly and precisely transit through the ribosomal A, P, and E sites during translation remains a major goal in the study of protein synthesis. Here, we report the real-time dynamics of the L1 stalk, a structural element of the large ribosomal subunit that is implicated in directing tRNA movements during translation. Within pretranslocation ribosomal co...

This study investigates the impact of study-abroad experience (SAE) on lexical translation among 50 Chinese (L1)-English (L2) interpreting students. Participants were divided into two groups based their abroad. Both consisted 25 unbalanced L2 learners who matched in age, working memory, length training, and proficiency. Bidirectional word recognition tasks, from L1 to L1, highlighted several ke...

The task of native language (L1) identification suffers from a relative paucity of useful training corpora, and standard within-corpus evaluation is often problematic due to topic bias. In this paper, we introduce a method for L1 identification in second language (L2) texts that relies only on much more plentiful L1 data, rather than the L2 texts that are traditionally used for training. In par...

Human papillomavirus type 1 (HPV1) virions, both as intact virion particles (IVP) and as detergent-denatured virions (DDV), were used to prepare polyclonal antisera and monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) in BALB/c mice. Anti-IVP antiserum contained type-specific HPV1 L2-reactive antibodies and no detectable HPV1 L1-reactive antibodies. Anti-IVP MAbs recognized a linear epitope between L2 amino acids ...

This study reports the Indonesian language use as a mother tongue (L1) in an EFL classroom middle school setting. The goals are to investigate realization of L1 and examine teacher students’ perceptions. A case method is used this study. data obtained through triangulations: observation, questionnaires, interviews. Thirty-two students one involved. basic frameworks depend on Auerbach's (1993), ...

Abstract An event-related potential (ERP) study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of two learning methods for acquisition vocabulary in a foreign language (FL). In semantic method, FL words were presented with pictures denoting their meaning and learners practiced categorization task (to indicate whether exemplars category). lexical paired translation first (L1) letter-monitoring L1-FL con...

L1 studies show that the paired-associate learning (PAL) of novel pronunciations, verbal learning, contributes to prediction individual differences in vocabulary, reading, and spelling development. The present study examined whether predicts vocabulary literacy development English as a Foreign Language (EFL). Dutch Grade 7 students (N = 455) completed PAL task which they learned associate known...