Videos are often accompanied by narration delivered either by an audio stream or by captions, yet little is known about saccadic patterns while viewing narrated video displays. Eye movements were recorded while viewing video clips with (a) audio narration, (b) captions, (c) no narration, or (d) concurrent captions and audio. A surprisingly large proportion of time (>40%) was spent reading capti...

Because of e-learning environments characteristics of learners include isolation from the instructor or peer learners, therefore providing social cues or emotional feedback has been seriously considered by inserting pedagogical agents into digital contents. However, there exists controversies for introducing pedagogical agents into digital contents, pros are fostering learner motivation and lea...