Positive plant–plant interactions are thought to drive vegetation patterns in harsh environments, such as semi-arid areas. According the stress-gradient hypothesis (SGH), role of positive between species (facilitation) is expected increase with harshness, predicting associated variation composition along environmental gradients. However, relation stress and facilitation gradients debated. Furth...

The explosive activity of the 2021 Tajogaite eruption eludes pigeonholing into well-defined styles, with a variety pyroclast ejection modes occurring both alternately and simultaneously at multiple vents. Visually, we defined four endmembers activity, referred to as fountaining, spattering, ash-poor jets ash-rich jets. To capture physical parameters these activities, deployed camera array inclu...

The aggregation of volcanic ash particles within the eruption column of explosive eruptions has been observed at many volcanoes. It influences the residence time of ash in the atmosphere and the radiative properties of the umbrella cloud. However, the information on the processes leading to aggregate formation are still either lacking or very incomplete. We examine the fate of ash particles thr...

Six volcanologists and three tourists were killed in the crater of Galeras Volcano, Colombia, when it erupted without warning. The scientists were attending the United Nations International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction Workshop which had been convened to improve monitoring, research and disaster mitigation at Galeras, at the time the most active and one of the most hazardous volcanoes ...

Within the last decade, silicon drift detectors (SDD) systems have become more and more popular in the field of energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The main characteristic of the SDDs is their extremely high pulse load capacity of up to 750,000 counts per second at good or reasonable energy resolution (<123 eV Mn-Kα, <46 eV C-Kα at 100,000 cps). These properties in conjunction with electron b...

In this paper, a detailed mineralogical study on iron-rich spherules in Taihu Lake was carried out, and we present proposed impact-related origin for these spherules. The spherical concretions occur specific silty layer formed around ~7 ka B.P., sandwiched between an upper lacustrine deposit lower hard loess layer, they are widely distributed the most abundant that vicinity of Lake. typically ~...

Abstract Microlite crystallization in erupting basalt can occur the conduit, flight, or situ after deposition. Distinguishing products of primary versus secondary (post-fragmentation) be challenging near-vent environments, but is vital for interpreting shallow conduit conditions from pyroclast textures. Here, we examine pyroclasts 1886 basaltic Plinian eruption Tarawera volcano, New Zealand, to...

Understanding the dynamics of mild explosive activity is a fundamental tool for hazard assessment at open conduit volcanoes. This particularly critical task Etna volcano. in fact characterized by frequent, activity, punctuated lava flows and paroxysmal events (‘lava fountains’), which, because their greater impact, have been main target studies, whereas more frequent Strombolian has overlooked....

This study reports the first measurements of sulphur and boron isotopic compositions in olivine-hosted melt inclusions (MI) from basaltic lava scoria deposits 1941 Tolbachik eruption, Kamchatka, Russia. The primary aim present is to constrain origin relation silicate-sulphide immiscibility that occurred mafic magmas. Melt fall into two compositionally distinct groups based on their S- B-isotope...