With the upcoming European ROHS legislation and other global movements to lead-free assembly, the NEMI lead-free rework group investigated and developed lead-free rework processes for medium to high-end computer products. The work concentrated on development of lead-free hot air convection rework for PBGA, CBGA, and uBGA, and lead-free hand soldering rework for TSOP and 2512 chip components on ...

Metal hydride electrodes have shown to be useful both in secondary batteries, e.g. the Ni/metal hydride system, and more recently in fuel cells, especially for direct borohydride fuel cells. This work provides in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) results aiming at characterizing the phase transitions of the LaNi4.7Sn0.2Cu0.1 metal hydride alloy with and without Pt in the particle surface when charge...

The historical success of orthopedic implants has been recently tempered by unexpected pathologies and early failures of some types of Cobalt-Chromium-Molybdenum alloy containing artificial hip implants. Hypoxia-associated responses to Cobalt-alloy metal debris were suspected as mediating this untoward reactivity at least in part. Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α is a major transcription factor invo...

There has been major interest in Lead-free soldering within the electronics assembly industry for the last several years, and this will continue with the agreement on the language and implementation dates of the WEEE/ROHS legislation in the EU. This paper will focus on several topics critical to the implementation of lead-free soldering. These topics include the impact of Tin-silver-copper as t...

The use of heavy liquid metals, and especially of lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) or lead for accelerator-driven systems (ADS) and lead-cooled (Pb) or lead-alloy-cooled (primarily Pb-Bi) fast reactor (FR) concepts of Generation IV requires an assessment of their compatibility with structural materials. Their deployment requires that the materials compatibility issue will be resolved, with and witho...

Relevant factors determining the management of inaccessible retained lead airgun pellets are discussed in relation to 11 orbital cases. Although the injuries were of between one month's and 26 years' standing, serum lead levels were normal at under 350 micrograms/l in all instances. This is attributable to the modern alloy composition of the ammunition in question. It is concluded that surgical...

Alloy [6] is a formal specification language, which belongs to the class of the so-called model-oriented formal methods. Among the key features that make Alloy an appealing modeling language to a wide community of users is its simple syntax, object oriented semantics and more importantly, its analyzability. Alloy models can be automatically analyzed by simply declaring a bound on the number of ...