Description: The goal is to increase the efficiency and reduce the cost of solar power through the integration of PV, Li-battery, and LED lighting technologies. Since all components are in the form of thin films, the PV/battery/LED system can be integrated as a single module. Since half of the materials cost of each device is the substrate, integrated module will also reduce materials costs and...

This paper investigates the effects of the formation of free trade agreements (FTAs) on trade disputes. We construct a unique and comprehensive dataset on inter-country trade disputes from 1995 to 2007. The dataset covers 110 countries and 1130 trade disputes. We find that the incidences of trade disputes between two countries are positively associated with economic size, economic growth, and t...

Current approaches for the design of Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) systems involve the replication of Alternative Dispute Resolution practices such as mediation and negotiation. Though such systems have been found to be popular, there are concerns that these systems fail to take into account judicial practices. In this paper a system that supports disputants' decisions making when engaged in ...

lebanon enjoyed the constitution in 1924. in other words, this is the second country in middle east after iran which has enjoyed the constitution. lebanon is considered as the pattern of the islam world and west world which enjoys both rich culture of islam and culture and rules of west. lebanon has the distinguished status in comparison with islamic and arabic countries and the whole countries...

LED lighting has the potential to offer many benefits to the user and to society as a whole. Very high efficiency together with extremely long life expectancy of the LEDs reduces the energy consumption and the use of resources, and can offer low lifecycle cost. In order to become widely accepted, LED lighting must provide dimming capability at least equivalent to that offered by traditional inc...

Despite debuting to little fanfare under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), dispute settlement under the World Trade Organization (WTO) has been called the “backbone of the multilateral trading system.” Indeed, whereas GATT dispute settlement could scarcely have seemed more flawed, the WTO’s Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) is widely touted for boosting confidence in an in...

Over the last couple of decades, there has been a growing awareness in academic and policymaking circles regarding the importance of institutions for economic development. Institutions constitute the rules of the game in a society or, more precisely, the restrictions designed by members of a society to influence human interaction. Any transformation affecting these rules may clearly have a dire...

This Article describes briefly the way in which the system now operates and the major complaints that have been lodged against it. DISPUTE SETTLEMENT IN GATT