The size and shape of the thyroid gland is subject to much variation, as stated by Wood Jones. Literature is replete with a large number of variations of the gland. By utilizing various techniques like gross dissection, histology, developmental anatomy, and recently thyroid scans and scintigraphy, some common and certain rare anomalies of the thyroid with their possible developmental bases are ...

1 on the anatomy of the levator ani, and especially the puborectalis muscle by use of MRI and CT. The authors state that the levator ani has a transverse portion and a vertical portion and that the puborectalis muscle is a u-shaped muscle outside the vertical portion. Based on those findings, the authors conclude that the puborectalis is not a part of the levator ani muscle. The concept that th...

in this study esophageal resection and radiotherapy methods were compared in relation to the patients suffering from esophageal cancer. three hundred and fifty-four patients with squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus who had been hospitalized in the cancer institute of the imam khomeini hospital, tehran, during 1981-1985 were followed up through march 21st, 1987. based on the findings, patients ...

PURPOSE To describe a modified Fasanella-Servat procedure and nomogram for the correction of minimal amounts of ptosis. METHODS Retrospective review of this modified Fasanella-Servat procedure was performed on 118 eyelids in 86 consecutive patients over 2, 4-year periods by 1 surgeon (S.C.D.). The amount of tarsectomy was based on the amount of ptosis. RESULTS Mean pre- and postoperative ma...

Background: The pathophysiological mechanism behind chronic proctalgia is not fully understood. The study investigated whether treatment of lower limb length discrepancy (anisomelia) with an insole could relieve levator ani syndrome and chronic proctalgia. Patients and Methods: Nine patients with proctalgia were identified as also having anisomelia. The patients underwent clinical evaluation, i...

The levator scapulae muscle frequently contributes to neck and shoulder pain, yet is often overlooked by acupuncture practitioners. To achieve best results in treating neck and shoulder pain, one should be well‐trained in the diagnosis, assessment and treatment of levator scapulae dysfunction. A jingluo (channel) approach to pain often leads to treatment of the para‐spinal muscles of the Bladde...