a response to the problem of irans backwardness preoccupied the minds of intellectual and political forces. since irans failure from russia while different domestic and external factors caused to defeat, differend and even contending views concerning irans backwardness played a key role in these failures. these diverse and contending views which arised at first in compilation of laws and establ...

Abstract Global capitalism seems to be placing democracy, especially liberal under considerable stress. Support for populism has surged, extreme right parties with populist and authoritarian programs. Inequality, insecurity, interdependence—all associated globalization—have grown globally appear key sources of New technologies spread readily by globalization are also a force destabilization. Do...

Democratic theory and practice underwent something of a renaissance in the late twentieth century. The spread of liberal democratic political systems was accompanied by two other trends that have the potential to transform the shape of politics: the rise of environmental movements and increased public use of the Internet. These changes have generated two theoretical variations on the theme: eco...

The notion of non-liberal democracy has become an inseparable element the debate on crisis liberal democracy. For some scholars and journalists, is a consequence It should be pointed out that when indicating causes this in economic, political, cultural spheres, researchers rarely address issue legitimacy identifying as its characteristics. Moreover, no one initiated broad possibility retreat fr...

The paper points out that there is hardly any research for the reverse transition, the transi‐ tion from democracy to non‐democratic regimes for more than 30 years. For heuristical pur‐ poses, it provides basic data of the decline of democracy, which refers to loss of democratic quality, changes from liberal democracy to hybrid and to authoritarian regimes, during the third wave of democratis...

<p>W powszechnej opinii demokracja liberalna przechodzi bardzo poważny kryzys. Poszukując jego źródeł wyróżnić można trzy płaszczyzny: ekonomiczną, polityczną i kulturową. Przy czym w debacie publicznej dość rzadko, poza postawieniem diagnozy o kryzysie demokracji liberalnej, prezentuje się możliwe metody przezwyciężenia. Tym samym zapomina się, że podstawą dla właściwego funkcjonowania l...