Abstract In isolated environments such as stand-alone bioreactor systems, microbial communities change their composition stochastically. Starting from identical inocula and with reactor operation, will always evolve into different compositions. Here, we have developed a loop-designed system that synchronizes stabilizes multiple in connected reactors over long periods of time.

Three sight-type level sensors are glass gauges, displacers, and tape floats. Glass gauges are the most widely used instruments for measuring process tank level. Two types of level glass gauges measure liquid level in process tanks: tubular and flat gauges. The tubular type works on the same principle as a manometer. As the liquid level in an open tank rises or falls, the liquid in the glass tu...

The aim of this article was to show two cases that used a two-plan loop (T-loop modified) for correcting of dental transposition. The cases showed orthodontic treatments of transposition between lateral incisor and canine treated by two-plan loop. The loop modified showed as a good option to correct transposition with minor possibility of periodontal trauma due the horizontal movement with decr...

in this research, the effect of friction between the liquid metal and the sand mould wall and the effect of passage of liquid through a vertical bend and through a ceramic filter on the fluid flow and the melt velocity has been studied by measuring the velocity of the melt and direct observation of the liquid flow through the different parts of a naturally-pressurized running system. the fricti...

We had extracted n-caproate from bioreactor broth. Here, we introduced in-line membrane electrolysis that utilized a pH gradient between two chambers to transfer the product into undissociated n-caproic acid without chemical addition. Due to the low maximum solubility of this acid, selective phase separation occurred, allowing simple product separation into an oily liquid containing ∼90% n-capr...

In general, morphological, physiological, and biochemical properties of fungal cells are drastically different among solid-state (SSC), liquid-surface (LSC), and submerged cultivation (SmC) systems. In addition to these traditional cultivation systems, a unique liquid-surface cultivation [liquid-surface immobilization (LSI)] system and interface cultivation systems [extractive liquid-surface im...

This review tries to summarize the efforts over the past 20 years to construct a tissue-engineered trachea. After illustrating the main technical bottlenecks faced nowadays, we discuss what might be the solutions to these bottlenecks. You may find out why the focus in this research field shifts dramatically from the construction of a tubular cartilage tissue to reepithelialization and revascula...

We investigated changes in the shape of tubular ternary vesicles induced by phase separation into liquid-ordered and liquid-disordered phases. Tubular vesicles transform into two types of periodically modulated vesicles depending on the area fraction of the liquid-ordered phase. One type is a necklace of oblate subunits with two circular domains of the liquid-order phase, and the other is a per...

In vitro arterial flow bioreactor systems have been used in tissue engineering as models to investigate the response of endothelial cells to shear. However, the degree to which such models can reproduce physiological flow has not been quantified. Furthermore, previous works have assumed a Poiseuille flow profile for the calculation of wall shear stresses (WSS) experienced by the endothelial lay...