Social Inclusion Learning Program (CESI). Karen Sirker and Alex Widmer from the CESI staff provided many of the documents and contributed substantially to the final editing of the paper. We would like to thank the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) for the generous financial contribution to this Desk Study as part of the WBI-SDC Learning Partnership and Robert Ebel (WBI) for lau...

As the impact of and demand for software increases, there is greater need for rigorous software development techniques that can be used by a typical software engineer. In order to integrate informal and formal approaches to software development, we added formal syntax and semantics definitions to existing object-oriented modeling notations. This formalization enables developers to construct obj...

the present study investigates the culture of development in hawrami proverbs. analysis of development-related variables is the basis of sociology. as collective phenomena, proverbs are part of the oral culture of a society and their investigation can sociologically explain cultural and social foundations of the society. this research attempts to specify 6 development-related parameters in hawr...

The Songhua River is the largest river in northeastern China; the river’s water quality is one of the most important factors that influence regional ecological health and food safety in northeastern China and even the downstream of the Heilong River in Russia. In recent years, the Chinese government implemented several water resource protection policies to improve the river’s water quality. In ...

introduction since the introduction of development to countries after the second world war, this process has been the most significant issue, especially in developing countries. the realization of development demands exploiting the talents, capacities and active participation of people in different stages of development process, so that development and participation are considered to be interwo...

Novelty search is an evolutionary approach in which the population is driven towards behavioural innovation instead of towards a fixed objective. The use of behavioural novelty to score candidate solutions precludes convergence to local optima. However, in novelty search, significant effort may be spent on exploration of novel, but unfit behaviours. The authors propose progressive minimal crite...

1 – introductiontourism is a powerful force of change in the economy in both the developed and in the least developed countries. due to the formation of the concept of sustainable development, tourism industry as well as like other industries has been seeking ways to further alignment with the concept. sustainable tourism as a form of alternative tourism, is seeking to improve the quality of li...

There is a large and growing literature that investigates evidence for mean reversion in stock prices. Empirically, there is no consensus as to whether stock prices are mean reverting or random walk processes; at best, the results are mixed. In this paper, we provide further evidence on the mean reversion hypothesis for seventeen European countries using the Levin and Lin (1992), seemingly unre...

These days, a large percentage of software development is on the web and for the web. “Web services will become the predominant method for making information and applications available programmatically via the Internet in the near future” [9]. And in that context, one of the most important and resource consuming activities in the e-commerce industry today is the "webenablement" of existing soft...