Crowdsourcing is one of the spatial data sources, but due to its unstructured form, quality noisy crowd judgments a challenge. In this study, we address problem detecting and removing crowdsourced bias as prerequisite for better-quality open-data output. This study aims find most robust assurance system (QAs). To achieve goal, design logic-based QAs variants test them on air crowdsourcing datab...

This paper is concerned with a fundamental issue in knowledge representation and reasoning that, surprisingly, has received little attention so far. The point is that inserting some logically weaker (but, in a sense, more precise) information within a logic-based representation is not a straightforward process if the extra information must prevail. Indeed, it does neither prevail by itself nor ...

In this paper we work on (bi)simulation semantics of processes that exhibit both nondeterministic and probabilistic behaviour. We propose a probabilistic extension of the modal mu-calculus and show how to derive characteristic formulae for various simulation-like preorders over finite-state processes without divergence. In addition, we show that even without the fixpoint operators this probabil...