Sometimes the breakthrough for a new technology does not materialize in one of those fields which receive most attention and where everybody expects the solution. When the British needed a practical method for determining a ship's longitude in the 18 century, they spent many decades gazing at the stars, compiling lunar tables and searching for astronomic methods for determining longitude. But t...

In the 1700s, scientists, sailors, engineers and explorers were trying to work out how to navigate east to west at sea. The stakes were high; many lives were lost because sailors could not reliably measure longitude. Eventually, the invention of accurate timepieces allowed sailors to use the time in their current location, and the time at a fixed reference, to calculate longitude. But how do lo...

At each point during your walk, the altitude reading will give some indication of your progress, especially when compared to readings from earlier points, but at no time will you receive complete directions to the top of the mountain. You will always be guessing, but in an educated manner based on your previous longitude-latitude locations and their altitudes. For example, if, during the past 2...

In a previous study it was reported that whistlermode signals received at Faraday, Antarctica …65 S; 64 W† and Dunedin, New Zealand …46 S; 171 E† with entry regions in Paci®c longitudes (typically from the VLF transmitter NLK, Seattle, USA) showed an increase in transmission of wave energy as magnetic activity increased. However, signals with entry regions in Atlantic longitudes (typically from...

This paper considers a longitude distribution of sunspot groups over 1982–2013, using data from the National Geophysical Data Center (Boulder, USA). The space-time distribution of sunspot groups is analyzed in coordinate sectors calculated from heliographic longitudes of the groups. A longitude extent of a coordinate sector is compared to the average size of one active region (30–40°). Then, in...

Abstract Background Etrasimod is an investigational, once-daily, oral, selective sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1,4,5 (S1P1,4,5) modulator in development for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC). The ELEVATE UC 52 trial utilized a treat-through design which evaluated efficacy at week among all subjects randomised from baseline. Here, we report post hoc analysis who did or not achieve clin...