Botulinum toxin is significantly associated with decreased spasticity, increased range of motion and improved upper extremity function. Botulinum toxin in combination with electrical stimulation improves upper extremity function. Deinnervation of the subscapularis muscle using botulinum toxin may reduce shoulder pain and improve passive range of motion, more so than deinervation of the pectoral...

Skeletal muscle architecture is defined as the arrangement of fibers in a muscle and functionally defines performance capacity. Architectural values are used to model muscle-joint behavior and to make surgical decisions. The two most extensively used human lower extremity data sets consist of five total specimens of unknown size, gender, and age. Therefore, it is critically important to generat...

The aim of this study is to determine how the use of physiological parameters of muscles is important. This work is focused on musculoskeletal loading analysis during pedalling adopting two approaches: without (1) and with (2) the use of physiological parameters of muscles. The static-optimization approach together with the inverse dynamics problem makes it possible to obtain forces in individu...

Th is study evaluated changes in shoulder muscle isometric endurance, deltoideus and trapezius muscle electromyographic activity (EMG) and stiff ness in patients with frozen shoulder syndrome (FSS) before and aft er manipulation under general anaesthesia (MUA). Eighteen FSS patients with mean age of 53±9 years participated. Isometric endurance of shoulder muscles was characterized by endurance ...

The cortical control of forelimb motor function has been studied extensively, especially in the primate. In contrast, cortical control of the hindlimb has been relatively neglected. This study assessed the output properties of the primary motor cortex (M1) hindlimb representation in terms of the sign, latency, magnitude, and distribution of effects in stimulus-triggered averages (StTAs) of elec...

The organization of fibers within a muscle (architecture) defines the performance capacity of that muscle. In the current commentary, basic architectural terms are reviewed in the context of the major hip muscles and then specific illustrative examples relevant to lower extremity rehabilitation are presented. These data demonstrate the architectural and functional specialization of the hip musc...

Understanding trends in the prevalence of children with cerebral palsy is vital to evaluating and estimating supportive services for children, families, and caregivers. The majority of children with cerebral palsy require lower extremity orthoses to stabilize their muscles. The pediatric nurse needs a special body of knowledge to accurately assess, apply, manage, teach, and evaluate the use of ...

Objectives: Lower extremity muscles are important for maintaining dynamic balance and athletic performance. Fatigue of these muscles may affect dynamic balance. It is not clear whether fatigue in a particular muscle group can affect dynamic balance more than fatigue in other groups. This study was conducted to evaluate and compare the effects of fatigue in five muscle groups on the dynamic bala...

BACKGROUND Most previous studies on hallux valgus focused on the possible relationship between this deformity and muscles and/or ligaments in the foot and lower leg. Very little is known about the relationship between hallux valgus and alignment of the proximal joints. The aims of the present study were to determine the extent to which lower extremity alignment characteristics of the hip, knee,...