Spontaneous symmetry breaking is determined by quantum mechanical measurement, and is classified to two types according to whether Hamiltonian commutes the relevant observable, the average of which is the order parameter. A supplement regarding phases is given to the expansion postulate and validate ensemble description of many-particle systems. Interference between many-particle states, macros...

In the Schrödinger-cat gedanken experiment a cat is in a quantum superposition of two macroscopically distinct states, alive and dead. The paradoxical interpretation of quantum mechanics is that the cat is not in one state or the other, alive or dead, immediately prior to its measurement. Because of this apparent defiance of macroscopic reality, quantum superpositions of states macroscopically ...

White dwarf stars composed of carbon, oxygen or heavier elements are expected to crystallize as they cool down below certain temperatures. Yet, simple arguments suggest that the helium white dwarf cores may not solidify, mostly because of zero-point oscillations of the helium ions that would dissolve the crystalline structure. We argue that the interior of the helium dwarfs may instead form a m...

The inverse stellar structure problem determines the equation of state of the matter in stars from a knowledge of their macroscopic observables (e.g. their masses and radii). This problem was solved in a previous paper by constructing a spectral representation of the equation of state whose stellar models match a prescribed set of macroscopic observables. This paper improves and extends that wo...

The inverse stellar structure problem determines the equation of state of the matter in stars from a knowledge of their macroscopic observables (e.g. their masses and radii). This problem was solved in a previous paper by constructing a spectral representation of the equation of state whose stellar models match a prescribed set of macroscopic observables. This paper improves and extends that wo...

This paper deals with the accurate microscopic simulation and macroscopic modeling of extreme non-equilibrium phenomena, such as encountered during hypersonic entry into a planetary atmosphere. The state-to-state microscopic equations involving internal excitation, de-excitation, dissociation, and recombination of nitrogen molecules due to collisions with nitrogen atoms are solved time-accurate...

Bidirectional associative memory (BAM) is a kind of an artificial neural network used to memorize and retrieve heterogeneous pattern pairs. Many efforts have been made to improve BAM from the the viewpoint of computer application, and few theoretical studies have been done. We investigated the theoretical characteristics of BAM using a framework of statistical-mechanical analysis. To investigat...

We obtain criteria for entanglement and the EPR paradox for spin-entangled particles and analyse the effects of decoherence caused by absorption and state purity errors. For a two qubit photonic state, entanglement can occur for all transmission efficiencies. In this case, the state preparation purity must be above a threshold value. However, Bohm's spin EPR paradox can be achieved only above a...