The persisting demand of higher computing power and faster information processing keeps pushing scientists and engineers to explore novel materials and device structures. Within emerging functional materials, there is a focus on multiferroics materials and material-systems possessing both ferroelectric and ferromagnetic orders. Multiferroics with two order parameters coupled through a magnetoel...

Magnetoelectric effects are discussed in multiferroics with the perovskite structure: bismuth ferrite, rare-earth orthochromites, and Ruddlesden--Popper structures belonging to trigonal, orthorhombic, tetragonal syngonies. The influence of structural distortions on magnetic ferroelectric properties is studied, possible magnetoelectric (linear, quadratic, inhomogeneous) these materials determine...

There is a growing activity in the search of novel single-phase multiferroics that could finally provide distinctive magnetoelectric responses at room temperature, for they would enable a range of potentially disruptive technologies, making use of the ability of controlling polarization with a magnetic field or magnetism with an electric one (for example, voltage-tunable spintronic devices, unc...

We investigate the magnetoelectric (or inverse spin-galvanic) effect in the two dimensional electron gases with both Rashba and Dresselhaus spin-orbit coupling using an exact solution of the Boltzmann equation for electron spin and momentum. The spin response to an in-plane electric field turns out to be highly anisotropic while the usual charge conductivity remains isotropic, contrary to earli...

Apart from being so far the only known binary multiferroic compound, CuO has a much higher transition temperature into the multiferroic state, 230 K, than any other known material in which the electric polarization is induced by spontaneous magnetic order, typically lower than 100 K. Although the magnetically induced ferroelectricity of CuO is firmly established, no magnetoelectric effect has b...

An electric field tunable magnetic hysteresis loop was studied in a multiferroic heterostructure consisting of a 25μm thick Metglas® ribbon affixed to a lead magnesium niobate–lead titanate (PMN–PT) crystal. This multiferroic heterostructure exhibits a considerably strong converse magnetoelectric effect, CME = −80%, where CME = [M(E)−M(0)]/M(0), and a converse magnetoelectric coupling constant,...

Electric field tuning of magnetism is one of the most intensely pursued research topics of recent times aiming at the development of new-generation low-power spintronics and microelectronics. However, a reversible magnetoelectric effect with an on/off ratio suitable for easy and precise device operation is yet to be achieved. Here we propose a novel route to robustly tune magnetism via the char...

The magnetoelectric effects in multiferroic materials enable the mutual control of electric polarization by a magnetic field and magnetization by an electric field. Nonvolatile electric-field control of magnetization is extremely important for information storage applications, but has been rarely realized in single-phase multiferroic materials. Here we demonstrate the prominent direct and conve...

The dynamics of a system consisting of a matter continuum with a weak linear magnetoelectric coupling interacting with electromagnetic fields is examined on a local scale in a nonrelativistic limit. A consistent expression for the internal energy of the system is derived. The internal energy density and the continuity equation for the momentum lead to the derivation of ponderomotive forces. A n...

3. Boundary scattering and flux cancellation 21 C. Conductance fluctuations 22 1. Zero-temperature conductance fluctuations 23 2. Nonzero temperatures 24 3. Magnetoconductance fluctuations 25 4. Experiments 28 D. Aharonov-Bohm effect 30 E. Electron-electron interactions 32 1. Theory 32 2. Narrow-channel experiments 34 F. Quantum size effects 36 1. Magnetoelectric subbands 36 2. Experiments on e...