Voting is one of the primary foundations of democracy. Existing voting legislation and non-electronic voting systems have been developed over the years in a way that ensures that the principles required for democratic elections and referendums are met. The significance of these issues is clearly manifested by the volume of debate, which lately has begun on them as well as by the increased numbe...

A. B. McDonald Physics Department Queen's University Kingston, Ontario CANADA K7L 3N6 For the SNO Collaboration e-mail [email protected] Abstract The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory uses 1000 tonnes of heavy water in an ultraclean Cherenkov detector situated 2 km underground in Ontario, Canada to study neutrinos from the Sun and other astrophysical sources. The Charged Current (CC) reaction on deuteri...

Measurements of microwave attenuation at room temperature and 4.2 K have been performed on some conductors commonly used in receiver input circuits. The reduction in loss on cooling is substantial, particularly for copper and plated gold, both of which showed a factor of 3 loss reduction. Copper passivated with benzotriazole shows the same loss as without passivation. The residual resistivity r...

This paper deals with a new emerging science the “Seafloor Observatory Science”. It is evolved rapidly over the last two decades by means of new projects and programmes towards the establishment of permanent underwater networks. The main on-going initiatives at global scale are presented for Canada (NEPTUNE North East Pacific Time-series Underwater Networked Experiments), USA (OOI Ocean Observa...

AGN are elusive objects across that are visible across the electromagnetic spectrum. Currently, there is no complete picture of AGN formation and evolution in galaxy clusters. A general understanding of the AGN population has been impeded by cluster and selection biases and recent studies have shown that there is a large population of obscured or optically unremarkable AGN in galaxy clusters. T...

A dedicated mission to investigate exoplanetary atmospheres represents a major milestone in our quest to understand our place in the universe by placing our Solar System in context and by addressing the suitability of planets for the presence of life. EChO—the Exoplanet Characterisation Observatory—is a mission concept specifically geared for this purpose. EChO will provide simultaneous, multi-...

The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory is a second-generation water Cherenkov detector designed to determine whether the currently observed solar neutrino de"cit is a result of neutrino oscillations. The detector is unique in its use of D 2 O as a detection medium, permitting it to make a solar model-independent test of the neutrino oscillation hypothesis by comparison of the chargedand neutral-curre...

Maintenance is an important activity in software engineering with studies attributing it more than 75% of the total cost of a system. More than half the time dedicated to maintenance is spent on reverse engineering the code which often is the only accurate source of information. In this context, among the many approaches, software visualization tools have long been seen as an important asset to...

We use an X-ray stacking technique to investigate the evolution of the mean X-ray luminosity of ∼21,000 red galaxies at 0.3 ≤ z < 0.9 as a function of their stellar mass and redshift. The red galaxies are selected from the 9.3 deg 2 Boötes field of the NOAO Deep Wide-Field Survey (NDWFS). The mean X-ray luminosity is an order of magnitude larger than we would expect from stellar sources alone a...

In 1965, researchers found that the direction formed by two stones from Stonehenge, a mysterious ancient structure, pointed exactly to the direction of sunrise at solstice. Several similar coincidences were discovered, which lead many people to believe that Stonehenge was an ancient observatory. In this paper, we analyze this problem from a geometric viewpoint and show that similar coincidences...