Under the Kyoto Protocol, developing countries can voluntarily participate in climate change mitigation through the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), in which industrialized countries, in order to meet their mitigation commitments, can buy emission reduction credits from projects in developing countries. Before its implementation, developing-country experts opposed the CDM, arguing that it wou...

This study uses the GAINS model framework to estimate current and future emissions of the fluorinated greenhouse gases HFCs/HCFCs, PFCs and SF6 (F-gases), their abatement potentials and costs for twenty source sectors and 162 countries/regions, which are aggregated to produce global estimates. Global F-gas emissions are estimated at 0.95 Pg CO2eq in 2005 with an expected increase to 3.7 Pg CO2e...

water quality trading (wqt) is a novel framework for surface water quality management. this research studies the optimal waste load allocation (wla) in regard based on bod parameter in downstream of sefidrud river. for this purpose, the river is simulated by qual2kw software and the total maximum daily loads (tmdls) required are determined. the impact factors of pollutes are also specified usin...

We characterize a mechanism for reducing pollution emissions in which countries, acting non-cooperatively, commit to match each others’ abatement levels and may subsequently engage in emissions quota trading. The mechanism leads to an efficient level of emissions, and if the matching abatements process includes a quota trading stage, the marginal benefits of emissions are also equalized across ...

We characterize a mechanism for reducing pollution emissions in which countries, acting non-cooperatively, commit to match each others’ abatement levels and may subsequently engage in emissions quota trading. The mechanism leads to an efficient level of emissions, and if the matching abatements process includes a quota trading stage, the marginal benefits of emissions are also equalized across ...

In environmental economics it is common to add non-negative constraints on abatement, or equivalently to constrain emissions by some maximum unabated level. However, in this paper it is argued that these assumptions are both physically wrong and complicating. Also, more seriously, such constraints can rule out optimal solutions. For instance, negative NOx abatement can be optimal from the socia...

Assessments of the benefits of climate change mitigation—and thus of the appropriate stringency of greenhouse gas emissions abatement—depend upon ethical, legal, and political economic considerations. Global climate change mitigation is often represented as a repeated prisoners’ dilemma in which the net benefits of sustained global cooperation exceed the net benefits of uncooperative unilateral...