in this research the activity of 75 producers, 55 wholesalers and 55 retailers, citrus market of jahrom county was investigated. the results indicated that margin of wholesale, retail and total margin of citrus in this county was 1461.1, 1480.3, and 2941.4 rs respectively. share of producer from marginal price was estimated to be 57.9 percent and share of wholesaler was more than retailer. in t...

Within the framework of a dynamic Computable General Equilibrium model this paper analyses the impact of trade restrictions on regional rates of return on capital, marginal costs of abatement and optimal climate policy. It will be shown that regional differences both in marginal costs of abatement and in the marginal productivity of capital are driven by market imperfection. With restrictions o...

Small-scale dairy farming in Bangladesh is constrained mostly due to acute shortage, high price and seasonal fluctuation of energy and protein supplements. Poor economic conditions of dairy farmers do not allow them to purchase adequate conventional energy and protein supplements. Locally available non-conventional energy and protein sources can be used as alternatives, cheaper than conventiona...

Conventional benefit-cost analysis incorporates the normally reasonable assumption that the policy or project under examination is marginal. In particular, it is assumed that the policy or project does not change the underlying growth rate of the economy. However, this assumption may be inappropriate in some important circumstances, notably responding to climate change. One example is the benef...

We present a modeling framework for simulating afforestation, deforestation and sustainable forest management that is composed of an interlinked economic model and a spatially explicit forestry model. The linkage of models allows addressing a number of important issues relevant to REDD+, in particular, estimation of cross-country comparable CO2 mitigation potential for individual countries and ...

Climate change would impact different countries differently, and different countries have different levels of development. Equity-weighted estimates of the (marginal) impact of greenhouse gas emissions reflect these differences. Equity-weighted estimates of the marginal damage cost of carbon dioxide emissions are substantially higher than estimates without equity-weights; equity-weights may als...

the main goal of this study was to investigate the way of affecting of water in production of cucumber. from aspect of econometrics, mutual relationships of production function and expenses have been analyzed in which translog cost function has been used. this function has been estimated using the conditional input demand functions, the shefard theorem, chemical fertilizer, animal fertilizer, l...

Sea water samples were collected from 32 stations in the southern part of the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman during winter of 1987. Surface water of the Persian Gulf exhibited wide range and higher values of salinity (37.15-43.95, mean 40.02%) compared with lower values and narrow range (36.58-36.95, mean 36.74%) in the Gulf of Oman. Surface salinity did not reflect any significant relations...

Hydraulic systems of plants have evolved in the context of carbon allocation and fitness tradeoffs of maximizing carbon gain and water transport in the face of short and long-term fluctuations in environmental conditions. The resulting diversity of traits include a continuum of isohydry-anisohydry or high to low relative stomatal closure during drought, shedding of canopy foliage or disconnecti...