objective: the gingival crevicular fluid (gcf) is an inflammatory exudate found in the gingival sulcus. the forces exerted during orthodontic treatment cause distortion of the periodontal ligament (pdl) extra-cellular matrix, resulting in some biological features that can lead to modification of both gcf volume and its components. the present study investigated the effect of orthodontic tooth m...

abstract nymphal survival and crawlers movement of bemisia tabaci (homoptera: aleyrodidae) on different varieties of cotton, gossypium hirsutum, was studied on 5 different varieties including, varamin, kucker-312, bulgar-557, sahel-80, and native (red leaf/red boll) at 24±2 °c, 65±5% rh, 16:8 (l: d) photoperiod in the greenhouse condition. crawlers' movement was significantly different on the v...

objectives: the purpose of this study was to evaluate whether intra-canal application of controlled direct electric current (dec) could accelerate the amount of orthodontic tooth movement (otm) in young adult mixed breed dogs. methods: fourth premolars of both jaws of five young adult mixed breed dogs were divided into two groups of control and experimental groups. orthodontic force was applied...